RECENT SWISS LAW FOE REBOISEMENT. 377 



(1.) The creation of new forests. (Articles 21 and 22.) 



(2.) The reboitement of protecting forests (Article 4) so far — 



a. As tlaey may be of great importance as a security against accidents to the land; 

 especially if tbey are in co-relation with works for protection. 



b. As the reboisement may present great difficulty in execution. 



Art. 25. The federal council will fix the amount of subsidy, taking into account the 

 amount carried to the budget, within the maximum and minimum limit as follows: 



(1.) From 30 to 70 per cent, for the expense of creating new forests. (Article 24, 

 No.l.) 



(2.) From 20 to 50 per cent, for planting in the casts mentioned in No. 2, article 24.) 



These subsidies shall not be granted when they relate to forests owned by the State. 



The federal council will not pay these subsidies to cantous until it is assured by 

 the report of the federal inspector of forests that the work has been done in accord- 

 ance with the rules prescribed, and that the calculation of cost is correct. 



Art. 26. In receiving the subsidy, the canton engages with the confederation to take 

 care of and preserve the forests planted, and to execute the improvements that may 

 become necessary. 



VI. PENAL REGULATIONS. 



Art. 27. Those violating the regulations embraced in the present law shall be liable, 

 besides damages, to the following fines : 



(1.) For not defining boundaries, as prescribed in article 10, or in hindering the same, 

 5 to 50 francs. 



(2.) For reducing the forest-area without permission of the cantonal authorities 

 (article 11), 100 to 200 francs per hectare. The land so cleared shall be replanted 

 within one year. 



(3.) For division or sale of forests without cantonal anthority (articles 12 and 13), 

 10 to 100 francs per hectare. 



(4.) For constituting new servitudes (article 14), 10 to 100 francs. 



(5.) For contravention of rules prescribed for definite or provisional management, if 

 the particular fines are not already fixed (articles 16 and 17), 20 to 300 francs. 



(6.) For unlawful cuttings in any of the forests submitted to the high surveillance 

 of the confederation (articles 10, 17, 18, and 19), 1 to 10 francs per cubic meter (actual 

 measure). 



(7.) For non-observance of the other rules contained in articles 19 and 20, in respect 

 to protecting forests, 10 to 100 francs. 



(f*.) For non-execution of planting ordered in said forests (articles 11 and 21), 20 to 

 100 francs per hectare. 



(9.) For incidental workings made contrary to i^rohibition or to the terms of the 

 present law (article 20), 5 to 500 francs. 



The inquiry and judgment in the case of these violations of law, as also the appli- 

 cation of the fines, is left to the cantonal authorities. 



Art. 28. If a land-owner persists in refusing to execute the work prescribed, it may be 

 done by the cantonal government at his expense. 



Art. 29. The cantons shall take the measures necessary in the case of forest- damages, 

 fires, injuries from winds, damages from insects, and the like. They shall enforce the 

 penalties which they establish. 



VII. TEMPORARY AND FINAL REGULATIONS. 



Art. 30. So long as the present law may remain not fully applied in certain cantons, 

 and especially until the officers of which it contemplates the employment are provided 

 the federal council undertakes, according to its urgency, to watch over the preservation 

 and management of the forests submitted to its high surveillance. 



The cantons interested are held to reimburse the extra expenses which through this 

 cause may be incurred by the confederation. 



The federal council will fix, for each canton in particular, the time when these tem- 

 porary regulations shall end. Until then, the requirements of cantonal laws concerning 

 clearing shall remain in force, subject, however, to the approval of the federal council. 



Art. 31. The federal council is charged, in accordance with the provisions of the federal 

 law of June 17, 1874, relating to the popular vote upon federal laws and decrees, to 

 publish the present law, and to fix the time when it shall take effect. 



As a means for carrying the above law more effectually into opera- 

 tion, a regulation was issued September 8, 1876, at the request of the 

 Department of the Interior, granting aid for the holding of courses of 

 instruction in the different cantons, of not more than two months in 

 each year, in sessions of one month each. The instruction given at 

 these gatherings, which are designed for young men at least eighteen 

 years of age, is to be almost wholly practical, no time being spent upon 



