408 TREES AND SHRUBS OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



Qiiercus chinquapin (Little Chincapin Oak). A shrub iu most parts of the 

 State, aDd in some instances to the exclusion of almost everything 

 else. 



Quercus tinctoria (Black or Yellow-barked Oak). Timber and bark valu- 

 able ; more abundant in the easreru part of the State than any oak 

 except tbe white ; not often over 4 feet in diameter, and from 4U to 

 50 leet high. 



Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak). Abundant in the eastern part, but found 

 also iu the middle and western. 



Quercus palustris (Pin Oak). Found west of the Connecticut River, and 

 more rarely in the eastern counties. 



Quercus rubra (Red Oak). Found in every part of the State and in every 

 variety of soil, even the poorest j of little value for fuel or timber, 

 but of rapid growth. 



Quercus ilicifolia (Bear Oak). A scrub-oak found in poor soils in all parts 

 of the State. 



Fagus sylvatica, var. Americana (American Beech). Grows in every part 

 of the State, but of the greatest height in the western, and best in 

 rocky, moist soils j of rapid growth, but generally considered short- 

 lived. 



Castanea vesca^ var. Americana (Chestnut). Found in every part of the 

 State ; but it does not readily and abundantly ripen its fruit near 

 the sea ; very rapid in growth, and lives to a great age ; highly 

 recommended for cultivation. 



Corylus Americana (American Hazel). A small shrub. 



Corylus rostrata (Beaked Hazel). Smaller than the preceding. 



HI.— OARPINACE^ : The Hornbeam Family. 



Carpinus Americana (American Hornbeam). A small tree, found iu every 

 part of the State, and in a wide variety of soil. One, near Chester 

 village, measured 3 feet 9 inches around above the bulge of the 

 roots, and was about 30 feet high. 



Ostrya Virginica (American Hop Hornbeam). Sometimes called lever- 

 wood, or iron-wood. Seldom grows to a large size, but sometimes 

 four or five feet around at the ground. 



IY._JUGLANDACE^ : The Walnut Family. 



Juglans cinerea (Butternut). Abounds in the Hoosic Mountains and in 



the Connecticut Valley, and of rapid growth when young. 

 Juglans nigra (Black Walnut). Found in the State, but most abundant 



in the West. 

 Carya alba (Shellbark Hickory). Flourishes in nearly every part of the 



State. In the maritime districts, and in sandy soils, it is rarely 



found. It is most abundant in the neighborhood of Boston, and in 



Middlesex, Essex, and Worcester Counties. 

 Carya tomentosa (Mockeruut). It prevails in the eastern part of the 



State, particularly in the vicinity of Boston. 

 Carya porcina (Piguut Hickory). More frequent than any other species, 



and sometimes growing to four feet in diameter. 

 'Carya amara (Bitternut Hickory). Abundant in Chelsea and Brookline, 



and louud in Worcester County, and along the Connecticut. 



