FORESTS OF PENNSYLVANIA. 461 



Delaware River, have been converted into shingles, Inmber, and fence-rails, and when 

 removed the young growth qnickly follows, much after the manner of the growth of 

 the spruce-pine, but it takes a longer time to mature. I see but little dithculty in ac- 

 counting for a different kind of timber taking the place of a growth which has been 

 cut and removed. Most kinds of old ripe timber never sprout so as to make a forest 

 after being felled, giving full opportunity for the spread and growth of the seeds of 

 other kinds brought by birds or otherwise, to vegetate and grow, as well as young 

 trees already started, which may grow without obstruction. As pine stumps do not 

 sprout, their reproduction from their own seed is not easy; but if we cut off a second 

 or young growth of oak, we find the succession will invariably be oak. This rule will, 

 I believe, govern in all cases. 



The value of the new growth of spruce-pine depends very much upon 

 location and state of growth. In the most favorable conditions, Mr. 

 Stokes estimates the value from $2 to $4 on the stump, and the yield 

 at fifty cords to the acre. At the lowest estimate this would give a 

 value of $100 for the wood, or $120 for the wood and land. The time 

 of growth before cutting is about twenty-five to thirty years. The 

 estimate upon this basis would be : 



Value of land, $20, at 6 per cent, for 30 years $36 CO 



Taxes 14 00 



Total cost of investment 50 00 



Profit, $50, to which might be added $10 to $20 per acre, by a proper 

 mixture of chestnut. Mr. Stokes remarks : "I have now in view a few 

 acres of such timber, say of ten years' growth, on land not worth $20 

 per acre, which I would value at not less than $100, were it mine." 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



In an instrument entitled " Conditions and Concessions agreed upon 

 by William Penu, Proprietary and Governor of the Province of Penn- 

 sylvania, and those who are the adventurers and purchasers in the said 

 province," dated July 11, 1681, and intended as a Charter of Eights to 

 the colonists, the following provision was made in reference to the main- 

 tenance of timber-supply, which is fully up to the most advanced ideas 

 of modern forestry : 



XVIII. That in clearing the ground, care be taken to leave one acre of trees for every 

 five acres cleared ; especially to preserve oak and mulberries for silk and shipping. 



We are not informed as to how far this order was followed, but it is 

 probable that it had no effect, and that it was not observed in a single 

 instance. 



This State, as its name implies, was a forest region when European 

 settlements began, and from an early period to the present time, it has 

 produced from various points within its territory large amounts of tim- 

 ber and lumber, but without regard to reproduction and only by the in- 

 vasion of some new region as an older one became exhausted. The coal- 

 mines of tbis State have relieved the forests from the necessity of sup- 

 plying fuel, to a very large extent ; but have at the same time created 

 a demand for timber for mining purposes, in large and increasing 

 amount. 



Census of lumber production in Pennsylvania in 1810. 



Apparently full returns of the lumber manufacture of this State were 

 made in 1810, it being the only statistics of the kind in the United States 

 that were reported in that year from any of the States, with any appear- 



