474 FOREST RESOURCES OP NORTH CAROLINA. 



5. Small-nut Hickory (C wiitrocarjja). Observed only in Caldwell County, althongh 



probably growing in the western counties. 



6. BiTTEK-NUT Hickory (C. amara). Notunconjmon from the coast to themonntains. 



Prefers a rich cool soil, and grows 70 to 80 feet high, with a diameter of 2 feet or 

 more ; timber inferior to the other hickories. 



7. Water Bitter-nut Hickory (C. aquaiica). Found in swamps and river-bottoms, 



growing from 40 to 50 feet high ; timber inferior to any of the preceding species 

 of this genus. 



WALNUTS. 



1. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). Found throughout the State, but not in the mid- 



dle district, growing 40 to 50 feet high, and highly valued for cabinet-work. Husk 

 used in dyeing, and the young fruit used for pickles and catsup. It is a pleasant 

 shade-tree, and mingles well with other trees. 



2. White Walnut ; Butternut (J. cinerea). On bottom-lands and river-banks, in 



the valleys of the mountains ; not east of Wilkes, but said to occur as far down as 

 Orange and Randolph. 



CHESTNUTS. 



1. Chestnut (Casfajim resort). Chiefly on the mountains from Ashe to Cherokee, and 



but sparingly on the hills down to Guilford and Randolph Counties ; usual height 

 50 to 70 feet, sometimes 90. Wood highly valued for rails and shingles, and some- 

 times used for staves for dry wares ; valued as a fuel and for charcoal. 



2. Chinquapin (C. jmmila). From the coast to Cherokee, in great varieties of soil; 



usually 6 to 12 feet, but in cool and fertile places 30 to 40 feet high, and 12 to 18 

 inches in diameter. The dwarf variety nana, in poor soils, bears fruit at a footia 

 height. 



BEECH. 



(Fagiis ferruginea). Sparingly in the lower district, and of small size; in the middle 

 district, more common and luxuriant, but in the mountains abundant, and 50 to 

 80 or even 100 feet high, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. Wood valuable for many 

 uses, and durable if kept always dry or immersed. The bark contains some tan- 

 ning properties. 



BUCKEYES. 



1. Yellow Buckeye (JEscuhts flava). Most common on the sides of high mountains, 



and nowhere of larger size, growing 60 to 80 feet high and 3 to 4 feet in diameter. 

 It indicates a deep, fertile, rich soil. In the middle district it is a shrub 3 to 6 feet 

 high, along streams and in river-bottoms as far down as Orange County. 



2. Red Buckeye (JE. pavia). In the middle and lower districts usually 8 to 12 feet 



high, but sometimes a small tree. The root is sometimes used instead of soap for 

 washing woolen cloths. 



POD-BEARING TREES. 



1. Locust {Rohinia pseudacada). Found native only on the lower ridges of the mount- 



ains in this State, but it was probably once found for some distance east of the 

 Blue Ridge. 



2. Clammy Locust {E. viacosa). Chiefly confined to the southern range of the moun- 



tains adjoining South Carolina and Georgia ; seldom over 40 feet high. 



3. Rose Locust (/?. hisjnda). Indigenous to the rocky summit of mountains and hills in 



the middle and lower districts, and a dwarf variety in the pine barrens of the lower. 



Honey Locust {GleditscMa iriacanUws) . Diffused over the State, but not abundant; 

 growing 30 to 50 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter. 



Red Bud (Cei-cia Canadensis). Common in the middle and lower districts, especially 

 the latter ; growing from 15 to 25 feet high. 



Catalpa {Catalpa lignonioides). Introduced, but common around settlements, not grow- 

 ing native in the Atlantic States north of Savannah River. 



Kentucky Coffee Tree {Gynmochtdus Canadensis). Occasionally cultivated in the 

 middle district, and spreading from seeds. 



MAPLES. 



1. Red Maple (Acer rubrum). In swamps and low grounds, from the coast to the mount- 



ains; sometimes 70 feet hin;h, and 3 to 4 feet through; wood solid, and used ex- 

 tensively in manufactures, but not durable if exposed to the weather ; wood some- 

 times curly, and bark used for dyes ; the sap somewhat saccharine, but seldom used 

 for sugar. 



2. White, or Silver Maple (J. dasycarpum). Much rarer than the preceding; some- 



times 30 to 50 feet high, and 1 to 2 feet through ; wood softer than other maples, 

 and sap sometimes made into sugar of superior whiteness and flavor, but not more 

 than half as productive aa an equal quantity from the following. 



