476 FOREST RESOURCES OF NORTH CAROLINA. 



2. {X. mitltijlora). In rich uplands in moist soils, 30 to 60 feet bigli, and 1 to 2 feet in 



diameter. Wood like the preceding species. 



3, Cotton Gum (N. Unijiora). Limited to the deep swamps of the lower districts, 



growing CO to 80 feet. Wood tough, but softer than the preceding, and, indeed, 

 the softest wood iu the State. Easily worked and made into light bowls and 

 trays. 



Sassafkas (Sassafras officinale). Common in the middle and lower districts, but rare in 

 the higher parts of the upper, growing in favorable soils 40 to 50 feet iu height. 



Red Bay {Fcrsca CaroUnensis). Couliued to branch swamps witliiu the range of the 

 long-leaved pine. A small tree, growing elsewhere £0 to 70 feet. Wcod a beau- 

 tiful rose-color, and sometimes made into veneers. Too small for use iu this 

 State. 



1. Palmetto (Sahal palmetto). Near the ocean south of Cape Hatteras. Trunks of this 



tree are valuable for wharves aud in defensive military works. Rare iu this 

 State. 



2. Dwarf Palmetto (S. Adansonii). In the lower district ; 3 to 4 feet high. 



PiUDE of India {Melia azcdarach). Naturalized iu the lower district as an ornamental 

 tree. 



Buckthorn (Bmielia hjcioides). Sparingly from the coast to Lincoln County. 



Yellow Wood {Sijmplocos tinctoria). From the coast to the mountains, but chiefly in 

 the lower district ; 20 to 25 feet high, and 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Leaves used 

 in dyeing yellow with alum as a mordant. Wood soft and valueless. 



MAGNOLIAS. 



1. Magnolia {Magnolia grandi flora). Northern limit in Brunswick County, but culti- 



vated in all the lower part of the State. Height 50 to 70 and 90 feet. Timber soft, 

 very white, aud but little used. 



2. Svt-EKV HxY {M. cjlauca). Seen along branches and bays throughout the lower dis- 



trict, and more rarely in the middle ; 12 to 25 and 30 feet high. 



3. Umbrella Tree {M. umbrella). In deep, rich soils throughout the State, being often 



called " cucumber tree," a name more properly applied to the next species. Grows 

 25 to 35 feet high. 



4. Cucumber Tree (If. acuminata). Only on the mountains, particularly of Ashe, 



Yancey, aud Burke Counties, in moist, fertile soil of declivities, aud on the banks 

 of torrents. It grows GO to 80 feet high, aud 4 to 5 inches in diameter. 



5. Large-Leaved Umbrella Tree {M. macroplujUa). Found only in Lincoln County, 



in this State, where it is met with in several places. 



6. Long-Leaved Cucumber Tree (M. Fraseri). Only in mountain ravines in Ashe, 



Yancey, and Burke Counties, grow ing 40 to 45 feet in height, and 12 to 15 inches 

 in diameter. 



7. Heart-Leaved Cucumber Tree (M. cordata). Declivities of mountains, Ashe 



County. 

 Service Berry {AmelancMer Canadensis). In the lower district, a shrub. On the sides 

 of mountains it grows 15 to 25 feet high. 



1. Crab Apple {Pyrus coronaria). Seen only on the mountains. Common in Yancey 



and Haywood Counties. 



2. Narrow-Leaved Crab Apple (P. anf/Hsh/oZia). Rather common in the lower and 



middle districts, aud reaching into the upper. 



3. Choke Berry (F. arbutifoUa). Borders of branches and bays in middle and lower 



districts. 



4. Mountain Asn (P. Americana). Grows sparingly in the mountains. 

 Persimmon {Diospyros Virginiana). Throughout the State ; growing 30 to 40 feet high, 



and sometimes GO, with a diameter of 18 to 20 inches. 



Mulberry {Morus rubra). In all parts of the State, but least abundant in the lower 

 district ; wood strong, solid, and durable, and mostly used for fencing and ship- 

 building. 



White Mulrerry {M. alba). Introduced, as also the M. nigra. 



Red Cedar {Juniptrus Virginiana). Grows 30 to 40 feet high and 10 to 12 inches in 

 diameter, but smaller in the mountains than in the lower district ; not abundant 

 enough for nse in the arts. 



POPLARS. 



1. Carolina Vovlk-rs {Populus angulata). Rare in the middle district ; more abun- 



dant iu the low country, growing GO to 80 feet high. 



2. Cotton Tree (P. heterophytla). Rare in this State; found in rich swamp-lands on 



the lower course of the Cape Fear River. 

 3.' Large-Toothed Aspen (P. grandidentata). Upper part of the middle district. 

 4. Lombardy PoPLAii(P. dilatata). Introduced. 



BIRCftES. 

 1. Red Birch (Bet>la nigra). Common on the banks of rivers from the coast to the 

 mountains, growing 40 to 60 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter. 



