FOREST RESOURCES OF INDIANA. 501 



feet from (Le stump, measured 3 feet in diameter. On the bottom lands, along the 

 streams, sycamore, backberiy, elm, and buckeye flourish. These forests have, as a 

 general thing, been stripped of the best timber. The white oak has been extensively 

 cut for staves, the upper parts of the trees being left to decay upon the ground. la 

 some sections the native forests remain untouched, and from these we can form some 

 conception of their vigorous growth. — {Seventh Animal Report Geological Survey, 1875, p. 

 177.) 



Orange County : 



The varieties of timber found in the county being determined by the soils, may be 

 divided into districts corresponding to the geological group into which the rocks are 

 divided, each being characterized by some peculiarity either of growth or species, yet 

 having many trees in common that seem to be adapted to all the kinds of soil. In the 

 region underlaid by the Saint Louis limestones, formerly there was a heavy growth of 

 that monarch of our fo.ests, the yellow poplar {Liriodendron tuJipifera). Next in sige, and 

 exceeding it in commercial value, comes the black walnut. Before these two trees had 

 been so much cut away, it was not uncommon to see logs of the former that measured 

 5 feet, and of the latter 4 feet in diameter. The following are common and of good 

 size: White walnut, sugar aud red maples, buckeye, hackberry, red aud white elms, 

 shell-bark hickory, mocker nut, thick shell-bark hickory, pig-nut, white, red jack, 

 burr, black, and chinquapin oaks, white ash, and wild cherry {Primm serotina). Along 

 the streams are a few sycamores and water-beech {CarpinuH Americana). The under- 

 growth is remarkable for its size, so that the woods present a very open appearance, 

 even in the wildest places. This growth is made up of the dog-wood, red buds, crab- 

 apple, and sassafras. The shrubs are spice-bush (Lindera benzoin), wahoo {Euonymous 

 atropurpurtati) and pawpaw {Asimina triloba). In the cherty and more rocky parts there 

 is an increase of small timber and shrubs, and the undergrowth is very dense. Here 

 we hud the wild Pyrus Americana, Cralegus coccinea, C. tomenlosa, Viburnum prunifoHum, 

 and Corylun Americana. 



The timber found growiug in the Chester sands includes yellow poplar, black and 

 white walnut, the oaks, hickories, cherry, and ash of those enumerated above, aud in 

 addition beech and American aspens. On the high ridges are fine specimens of chest- 

 nut, and in the open ground persimmon. In this region the growth is vigorous, and 

 the yellow poplars are very common. The warm sands seem well adapted to the 

 growth of this tree, aud dealer.-) claim that the lumber made from it is superior to that 

 from timber grown in the bottoms. The black oak, in bodies, is confined to the con- 

 glomerate foriiation, where the barrenness of the soil shows its influence especially on 

 the young hickories ; yet even here the yellow poplars and white oaks grow to be 

 giants, but not in so great numbers as in more favorable localities. lu the lacustral 

 clays we saw a few specimens of sweet gum. The beech is very peculiarly adapted to 

 these heavy soils. lu Stamper's Creek Township we saw whole groves in which the 

 yellow poplar never grows. Among the rare trees, we heard of a single cucumber tree. 

 (Magnolia acuminata), aud saw a few winged elms ( Ulmua alata). — Seventh Report, 

 1875, p. 237. 



Owen County : 



Mention has been made of choice forests in different parts. These comprise all the 

 best varieties found in the State. The growth is exceptional. Specimens of oak were 

 measured at several stations, 4, 5, and 6 feet in diameter, with trunks straight as an 

 arrow, without limbs or fault, 50 to 80 feet long. Some poplar trees are still larger; 

 all of perfect growth, without shake or knot. Such timber is valuable, and should be 

 used only by skillful workmen for mechanical objects. — (Seventh Report Geological Sur- 

 vey, 1875, p. 358). 



Pakke County embraces in its forests nearly all the desirable timber trees of the 

 State. Its flora embraces the varieties of the prairie as well as of the woodlands. 

 The poplars, oak, walnut, ash, cherry, sycamore, hickory, maple, beech, and elm, are 

 found in their several varieties for this latitude, and in "some portions of the county 

 attain a height, symmetry, and diameter unsurpassed in the State. Florida Township : 

 The white aud burr oak, aud the poplar, are the leading timbers of this township. 

 The walnut is found where the lumberman has not been. The canal on the west, the 

 ^ railfoadon the east, and the prairie demand from Illinois have depleted the timbers in 

 this section of the county ; other towns specified but not differing materially in de- 

 tails. In Jackson Township a white oak at 2^ feet above the ground, was 16 feet 10 

 inches around, and another 18 feet. — (Third and Fourth Reports, 1871-'72, p. 379.) 



Perry County : 



The large forest trees that were within easy reach of the river have mostly been cut 

 down aud converted iuto lumber, but iu the interior, and especially in the northern 

 part, there are tracts of land with scarcely a tree destroyed. The trees are very large 

 and fine, and are of every variety found in this latitude; those most numerous and 

 suitable for lumber are poplar, black walnut, white walnut, ash, oak, cherry, beech, 



