SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY. 621 



of the interior. The corps of instruction consists of a director, a pro- 

 visional assistant, and a superintendent of the garden.' 



DUCAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF BRUNSWICK. 



The ducal Collegium Carolinum was founded in 1745 by the Duke 

 Charles I, as an institution intermediate between the gymnasium and 

 the university. It was essentially a polytechnic school, and the first of 

 its kind in the world.=^ In 1835 it modified to meet the requirements of 

 science. According to a plan of studies arranged in April, 1872, the 

 course of instruction was arranged in five special departments, of which 

 forestry is the sixth. The latter was rearranged in October, 1875, by 

 extending the course of instruction from two years to two and a half, 

 to enable the students to devote the first half year to the preliminary 

 studies necessary for their practical apprenticeship of a year and a half 



enter the State forestry service, after attending a full course at the gymnasium, are 

 admitted, and must pass through a course of four years, of which the first two are 

 devoted to those fundamental and auxiliary studies which do not relate directly to 

 forest science, but which serve as a preparation for the remaining two which embrace 

 the forest course proper. Foreigners may attend the first two years or not, as they 

 prefer. The least age of admission is 17 years. At the close of the second year the 

 State students must pass an examination in natural philosophy and mathematics, and 

 if they fail they are allowed one more trial. This examination entitles them to enter 

 upon the last two years of special forest studies in which they are taught agriculture, 

 forest jurisprudence, and the higher mathematics, when they are again examined, and 

 if passed, are qualified for a place in the state service. The examination at the end 

 of the first two years is by the professors of the polytechnic school, and the final one 

 by the forest directors, a person skilled in law, a professor of agriculture, one of forest 

 management, and two professors of mathematics. 



After passing all examinations the candidate is assigned to the general district for- 

 esters as an assistant, to enable him to become practically acquainted with his duties, 

 and he receives a tract of forest to manage. After six to ten years, according to the 

 number waiting, he gets a position as general district forester. The number of these 

 districts in Baden is at present 110, and about four of these appointments are made 

 annually. The Forestry Direction has its seat in Carlsruhe, and is composed of six 

 members, who are inspectors. 



The aids to instruction at this forest school are a valuable collection of objects per- 

 taining to the subject, a chemical and physiological laboratory, to which a greenhouse 

 is annexed, and a forest-garden. 



The area of forests in Baden is 510,924 hectares (1,262,493 acres). 



» The fundamental and auxiliary sciences, mathematics, natural sciences, chemistry, 

 agriculture, law, &g., are taught by other professors of the university, while tliose 

 studies that immediately relate to forestry come within the care of this special depart- 

 ment. These include the encyclopedia and methodology of forest science, in connec- 

 tion with a historical introduction, and special consideration of forest statistics (for 

 foresters, financial economists, and agriculturists), forest protection, forest economy, 

 and forest technology in connection with excursions, sylviculture with exercises and 

 excursions, forest administration, regulation of forest reserves, and state forest economy. 

 These are under the care of the director. The laying out of wood-ioads, with demon- 

 strations and exercises, including calculations of the value of forests, surveying, meas- 

 urement of woods, &c., are taught by the assistant, Prof. T. Lorey, and are illustrated 

 by practical exercises. 



The academic forest-garden occupies six hectares, and Giessen and SchiflFenburg for- 

 est-reviers in the neighborhood afford opportunities for practical study. The course of 

 instruction extends through two years. Two excursions are made weekly, at which 

 the subject of the lectures is practically illustrated, and the various operations of 

 sylviculture are shown. Besides these there are journeys of one or two weeks at a 

 time in summer, under the guidance of one of the teachers. The students of the forest 

 institute enjoy the same rights as those of the university. The usual certificates as to 

 age, residence, previous attendance at a gymnasium, or an institution of similar grade, 

 are required. Foreign students are expected to have a sufficient amount of prepara- 



2 The Real Academy of Vienna begun in 1770; the Polytechnic School at Paris, in 

 1795 ; the Royal Polytechnic Land Institution, at Prague, in 1810, and the Polytechnic 

 Institution at Vienna, in lbl5. 



