February, 1909. 



American Hae -Journal 



will he provided during the winter-time 

 and placed in proper position for the 

 widow's use. 



We arc now using old felt hats torn 

 inlo slireds, and other soft material, 

 for filling bumble-bee boxes. We use 

 that kind of material for the reason 

 that the bumble-bee first makes but one 

 cell and likes to make that surrounded 

 by very soft material, so that as she 

 makes tlie other cells slie may easily 

 make room in her nest. The boxes are 

 made 8 inches high and one foot square 

 out of old, well-worn lumber. The en- 

 trance holes are made one-fourth of an 

 inch in diameter — large enough for the 

 bees, but too small for other animals. 

 The bo.\es are just put carelessly along 

 the fences of clover fields and orchards. 



New Comb Honey Grading 



Rules of the Colorado 



Association 



No. I White. 



Sections to be well filled and evenly 

 capped, except the outside row, next to 

 the wood, honey white or slightly am- 

 ber, comb and cappings white and not 

 projecting beyond the wood, wood to 

 be well cleaned; cases of separatored 

 honey to average 21 pounds net per case 

 of 24 sections, no section in this grade 

 to weigh less than i^yi ounces. 



Cases of half-separatored honey to 

 average not less than 22 pounds net per 

 case of 24 sections. 



Cases of unseparatored honey to aver- 

 age not less than 23 pounds net per 

 case of 24 sections. 



No. I Light Amber. 



Sections to be well filled and evenly 

 capped, except the outside row, next to 

 the wood, honey white or light amber ; 

 comb and cappings from white to oflf 

 color, but not dark. Comb not project- 

 ing beyond the wood, wood to be well 

 cleaned. 



Cases of separatored honey to aver- 

 age 21 pounds net per .case of 24 sec- 

 tions ; no section in this grade to weigh 

 less than i.-^i/^ ounces. 



Cases of half-separatored honey to 

 average not less than 22 pounds net per 

 case of 24 sections. 



Cases of unseparatored honey to aver- 

 age not less than 23 pounds net per case 

 of 24 sections. 



No. 2. 



Includes all white honey and amber 

 honey not included in the above grades. 

 Sections to be fairly well filled and 

 capped, no more than 25 uncapped cells, 

 exclusive of outside row, permitted in 

 this grade; wood to be well cleaned. No 

 section in this grade to weigh less than 

 12 ounces. 



Cases of separatored honey to average 

 not less than 19 pounds net. 



Cases of half-separatored honey to 

 average not less than 20 pounds net 

 per case of 24 sections. 



Cases of unseparatored honey to aver- 

 age not less than 21 pounds net per 

 case of 24 sections. 

 Removing and Handling Filled Supers. 



Comb honey should be taken oflf. as 

 soon as completely capped, no more 



smoke than necessary should be used, 

 and the smoker kept well filled with 

 fuel so no ashes will l)low out and 

 spot the cappings. If finished supers 

 are stored in tlie honey-house, one or 

 several sheets of newspaper should be 

 used between supers, to catch any pos- 

 sible drip, and keep out dust and ants. 



Cases should be well nailed with ce- 

 ment-coated nails and glasses perfectly 

 clean. If edges of covers and bottoms 

 project they should be planed ofif; if 

 this is not done many boards will split 

 in shipping. The whitest, smoothest 

 boards should be reserved for the cov- 

 ers, and the others used for bottoms. 

 The paper tray in the bottom should be 

 evenly folded, and drip-sticks secured in 

 their proper places by the use of a little 

 glue or thick honey on their under side. 

 Nail cover on firmly when case is filled. 



The mark of the grade of honey 

 should be put into both handholes of the 

 case; X stands for No. i white; one 

 dash for No. i light amber, two dashes 

 for No. 2. The marking of filled cases 

 should be done before they go to the 

 storage pile. 



Second-hand cases should be used only 

 for the casing of cull honey, never for 

 the shipping grades. 



Cleaning and Casing Honey. 



This work must be done in a well 

 lighted place, and a large bench or table 

 provided for it. The shipping-cases to 

 receive the honey should be placed so 

 as to face the packer, and should be 

 arranged so no propolis from scraping 

 will fly into them. It is desirable to 

 have several cases for each grade on the 

 bench, so that honey of the same shade 

 and finish may go in the same case. 

 A definite place should always be used 

 for each grade to avoid errors in casing. 



An accurate spring scale should be 

 handy to weigh doubtful sections. 



The practise of piling honey on the 

 bench before casing is not recommended, 

 as honey is more subject to injury, and 

 time is lost in casing. It is desirable 

 that the packer should have a copy of 

 the grading rules hung up before him 

 for ready reference, and where this 

 work is entrusted to others, the apiarist 

 should provide specimen sections repre- 

 senting the poorest of each respective 

 grade, and give strict orders that any- 

 thing inferior to these samples must go 

 into the next grade below. 



The face of each case should be of 

 uniform color and finish and truly rep- 

 resent the contents of the case. 



Cull Honey is Composed of the Fol- 

 lowing. 



Honey in badly stained sections, 

 caused by leaky covers. 



Honey that shows signs of granula- 

 tion. 



Sections that are leaking or where the 

 cappings are injured. 



Sections that are fairly well capped, 

 but have more than 25 open cells. 



Sections that are capped, but weieh 

 less than 12 ounces. 



All cull honey should be marketed 

 around home, or rendered. 



Hauling of Comb Honey. 



The proper time to haul and ship 

 comb honey, is while the weather is still 

 warm, therefore no time should be lost 



in getting the crop ready. In hauling by 

 wagon, it is desirable to provide springs 

 for the wagon-bed, and if these cannot 

 be had, a layer of three or four inches 

 of straw should be used in the wagon, 

 on top of this should be spread a can- 

 vas or large wagon cover in such a 

 way that after the wagon is fully loaded 

 the canvas will "fold over the top of 

 the load, thoroughly protecting the 

 honey from dust or a possible shower. 



Tlie bed of a regular farm wagon 

 will take 96 cases of honey. A good, 

 steady team and careful driver are re- 

 quired to haul comb honey safely. 



Honey- Vinegar as Food vs. 

 the Other Kind 



BY C. W. DAYTON. 



Honey sealed up in air-tight cans, or 

 in open receptacles, loses a part of its 

 substance by the changes which are 

 wrought by expansion and contraction. 

 The waste is carbon dioxide, as for its 

 method of change, and the final prod- 

 uct is carbonic acid gas. The carbonic 

 acid which is expelled from the lungs 

 is carbon dioxide, until it has been re- 

 supplied with oxygen from the air. 

 Then it becomes acid gas, the same as 

 acetic acid vinegar is carbonic acid 

 liquid. One is as nutritious as the 

 other. 



The oxygen of the air is unorganized 

 and inefificient in electrical magnetism. 

 The cause of nearly all diseases is that 

 the system appropriates more of the 

 unorganized oxygen of the atmosphere 

 than of the organized oxygen of nutri- 

 tive foods. Food lacks nutrition be- 

 cause it has been divested of its elec- 

 trical magnetism during the process of 

 manufacture, or when not manufactured 

 they may have been grown on soils in 

 conditions where they utilized too great 

 a proportion of carbon and nitrogenous 

 elements. 



The purpose of organized oxygen is 

 for the transportation of electro-mag- 

 netism, an invisible and imponderable 

 substance, but the most important of 

 all substances. The unorganized, at- 

 mospheric oxygen which we take into 

 our lungs is as much a foreign sub- 

 stance as is a sliver of poisonous wood 

 in a finger. If it did not possess affin- 

 ity for carbon dioxide it would never 

 remove it from the system. As the 

 unorganized oxygen courses through 

 the lungs and arteries it comes into 

 contact with organized oxygen elements 

 which endeavor to expel it from the 

 system. An over-amount of deep res- 

 pirations is as injurious as the lack of 

 respiratory activity. It fills the blood 

 with unorganized oxygen so that when 

 there is much unorganized oxygen in 

 the food the amount is rendered ex- 

 cessive. We live by a balance. When 

 we become far unbalanced death en- 

 sues. The purpose of the 5 senses is 

 for the determination and maintenance 

 of this balance. 



When the system becomes balanced — 

 near perfect health — that is, if the im- 

 purities are removed from the system 

 as rapidly as they are produced — now if 

 that person undertakes to drink a glass 

 of beer or food containing acetic acid 

 vinegar, the first swallow will act as a 



