162 SUMMER FLOWERS. 



with rigid subulate scales ; fruit compressed, oblong ; 

 pappus short, pilose, distinct. 



f-f Involucral scales not hooked. 



% Pappus single, long, plumose, the hairs unequally united 

 at the base; (achenes silky). 



(159) Carlina involucre imbricated, the outer scales spinose, 



leafy, spreading at the points, the inner linear, scarious, 

 coloured, resembling radiant florets ; receptacle with cleft 

 scales. 



: Pappus in many rows, equal, long, the hairs united at 

 the base into a ring ; (achenes smooth) . 



(160) Carduus involucre imbricated, with simple spinous 



pointed scales ; receptacle with fimbriated scales ; fruit 

 compressed, oblong. 



(161) Silybum involucre imbricated, the scales leaf-like at the 



base, narrowed into a long spreading or recurved spinous 

 point ; receptacle scaly ; fruit compressed, with a papillose 

 ring at the end. 



JJJ Pappus in many rows, unequal, equalling or shorter 

 than the achenes, rarely none. 



(162) Centaurea involucre imbricated, the scales leafy, scarious 



or spiny ; receptacle with jagged scales ; fruit attached 

 laterally above the base. 



\%\% Pappus in many rows, unequal, longer than the fruit. 



(163) Serratula heads dioecious; involucre imbricated, the 



scales unarmed, acute ; receptacle with scales split into 

 linear bristles ; fruit compressed. 



*** Florets all ligulate and perfect ; style not swollen beneath 



its branches (CichoracesB). 

 \ Pappus none. 



(164) Lapsana heads 8-12-flowered ; involucre with one row of 



