256 . SUMMER FLOWERS. 



fruits covered with hooked bristles, forming small adhesive 

 burrs. Cleavers, or Goosegrass. Hedges and thickets. Fl. 

 June, July. 



Allied plants, with more slender, shorter, and less hispid 

 stems, and smaller fruits, are sometimes called G. Vaillantii 

 and G. spurium. Another related plant, a cornfield species, 

 is G. tricorne, but it is altogether smaller, with shorter leaves, 

 and 1-3-flowered peduncles, and has the fruit granulated only, 

 and not bristly. 



(140) Sherardia. FIELD MADDER. 



S. arvensis : annual ; stems decumbent, branched, seldom 

 over six inches high ; leaves about six in a whorl, the lower 

 ones obovate, the upper linear or lanceolate, acute, rough- 

 edged; flowers small, blue or pink, in little terminal heads, 

 surrounded by a broad, leafy, eight-lobed involucre; calyx- 

 teeth enlarged after flowering, forming a little leafy crown at 

 the top of the fruit. Cultivated and waste places. Fl. June 

 to August. 



(141) Centranthus. 



C. ruber : stems stout, tufted, glabrous, somewhat glau- 

 cous, 1-2 feet high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers 

 numerous, red, rarely white, in dense cymes, forming a hand- 

 some oblong, terminal panicle ; border of the calyx unrolling 

 in the ripe fruit into a bell-shaped feathery pappus. Red 

 Valerian. Naturalized on chalk cliffs and old walls. Fl. 

 June to September. 



(142) Valeriana. VALERIAN. 

 * Lower leaves undivided. 

 V. dioica : stem emitting creeping runners, the flowering 



