PINE FAMILY. 481 



P. A/cockidna, Carr. Leaves rigid and more or less curved, distinctly 

 4-sided, but flattened, sharp-pointed, slightly glaucous on the two under 

 sides ; cones oblong and tapering at both ends, 2'-3' long ; the scales 

 brown, shining, and striate, and minutely toothed. A tree of close, 

 graceful habit, planted from Japan. Confounded with P. Ajanensis, 

 Fischer, also of Japan and Northeast Asia, which differs in having flat 

 leaves which are glaucous-blue beneath, the scales of the cones less 

 rounded and more deeply toothed, and the branches more rigid. 



P. pollta, Carr. Tree of conical growth and projecting branchlets, 

 these latter very rigid and cream-yellow ; leaves on all sides of the 

 branches short, erect, and rigid, slightly falcate, very sharp-pointed, 4- 

 sided, with the faces slightly hollowed ; cones ellipsoidal, 3'-4' long ; the 

 coriaceous scales light-brown and minutely notched. Japan. 



P. or i entails, Carr. Handsome tree with very slender branches and 

 retaining its lower branches next the ground ; leaves close-set upon all 

 sides of the branchlets and deep, glossy green, stiff, not sharp; cones 

 somewhat cylindrical, 2 -3' long, pointed at the top. Caucasus. Not 

 fully hardy in Northern States. 



i- -- Cones 5 -V long. 



P. excelsa, Link. NORWAY SPRUCE. The most common and most 

 vigorous species, planted from Eu. ; fine, large tree, with stout branches, 

 deep-green leaves larger than in the next, the mature hanging cones light 

 colored and very conspicuous. Runs into numerous horticultural varie- 

 ties, some of the dwarf ones growing only 3-5 high. . 



3. TSUGA, HEMLOCK SPRUCE. (Japanese name.) 



T. Canadensis, Carr. HEMLOCK. Common forest tree on hills and 

 in swamps N., and planted for ornament ; large tree, with coarse wood, 

 light and spreading spray, broadish- linear and blunt leaves only ' long, 

 green above and whitish beneath, and oval cones only ' or f ' long, their 

 bracts very short and hidden. There are several cultivated varieties. 



4. FSEUDOTSUGA, DOUGLAS SPRUCE. (False Tsuga.) 



P. Douglasii, Carr. One of the tall trees from Rocky Mountains and 

 W. to the Pacific, planted in two or three forms ; slender leaves 1' or 

 more long, light green, indistinctly 2-ranked; cones 2'-3' long, loose, 

 with pointed and toothed bracts projecting beyond the scales. 



5. ABIES, FIR. (Classical Latin name. The names ABIES and 

 PICE A, for Fir and Spruce, are just oppositely used by different authors. 

 Linnseus employed the former for Spruce, the latter for Fir, and so do 

 some late writers. The ancients used the names just the other way, 

 and the later botanists mostly follow them.) Flowers late spring. 



* BALSAM FIRS, native trees; "bark yielding Canada balsam from 



blisters, etc. 



A. balsamea, Miller. COMMON B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds 

 N.; handsome when young, but soon becoming ragged, with poor wood, 

 narrow linear leaves ; or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylin- 

 drical violet-colored cones 2'-4' long and 1' thick, their bracts with only 

 the abrupt slender point projecting. 



A. Fraseri, Lindl. ERASER'S or SOUTHERN B. Along the higher Alle- 

 ghanies, N. Car., S.; small tree, like the preceding; but the small cones 

 (only l'-2' long) oblong-ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the 

 bracts conspicuously projecting and reflexed. 



