46 Life and Matter [chap.ih. 



as follows, the will being reduced to attrac- 

 tion and repulsion between the atoms : 



"Vogt's pyknotic theory of substance is that 

 minute parts of the universal substance, the centres 

 of condensation, which might be called pyknatoms, 

 correspond in general to the ultimate separate 

 atoms of the kinetic theory ; they differ, however, 

 very considerably in that they are credited with 

 sensation and inclination (or will-movement of the 

 simplest form), with souls, in a certain sense, in 

 harmony with the old theory of Empedocles of 

 the c loves and hatreds of the elements/ 



" Moreover, these c atoms with souls ' do not 

 float in empty space, but in the continuous, 

 extremely attenuated, intermediate substance, 

 which represents the uncondensed portion of the 

 primitive matter " (p. 77). 



" i Attraction ' and c repulsion ' seem to be the 

 sources of will that momentous element of the 

 soul which determines the character of the 

 individual " (p. 45). 



"The positive ponderable matter, the element 

 with the feeling of like or desire, is continually 

 striving to complete the process of condensation, 

 and thus collecting an enormous amount of 

 potential energy ; the negative imponderable 

 matter, on the other hand, offers a perpetual and 

 equal resistance to the further increase of its strain 

 and of the feeling of dislike connected therewith, 

 and thus gathers the utmost amount of actual 

 energy. 



