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presses, and tools or skill are wanted, the tables of 

 the teeth are touched only with a red hot wire, 

 which leaves a black mark wherever it is applied. 

 This, however, is a coarse expedient, and the more 

 usual practice is, to dig out the cavities with a kind 

 of engraver's tool, and then to blacken the spaces 

 thus created. The infundibula are imitated with 

 much nicity ; but the resemblance, however close it 

 may be, never for a moment imposes on the qualified 

 judge. The shape of the table, characteristic of the 

 old tooth, cannot be altered, nor can the edge of 

 enamel, which should gird the infundibulum, be 

 artificially produced. Moreover, many of the people 

 who " bishop " horses, are content to perform the 

 operation only on the lower jaw, leaving the upper 

 teeth untouched, because these are not generally in- 

 spected. Should such be the case, of course the 

 marks will be more or less faded, where naturally 

 they would be most fresh ; for the infundibula of the 

 lower jaw are lost some years prior to those of the 

 upper disappearing. The attempted deception, there- 

 fore, is never successful, save when the " copers " 

 are fortunate enough to meet with a " flat," who has 

 just knowledge enough to be very wise in his own 



