120 THE HORSE. 



Depressor labii inferior is (puller down of the under lip), to the sides of the under lip : 

 to pull it down. 



2) Orbicularis oris (circular muscle of the mouth) , surrounding the mouth : to close the 

 lips, and dilate the nostrils. 



q The upper portion of the parotid gland (gland near the ear) reversed, to shew the blood- 

 vessels and nerves beneath it. 



r The parotid duct piercing the cheek, to discharge the saliva into the mouth. 



s The maxillary gland (gland of the lower jaw) with its duct. 



t The jugular (neck) vein, after the two branches have vmited. 



%t At this letter, the submaxillary artery, a branch of the jugular and the parotid duct 

 pass under and within the angle of the lower jaw ; they come out again at w, and 

 climb up the cheek to be distributed over the face. 



V The vein and artery, passing under the zygomatic arch. 



cc A branch of the fifth pair, the sensitive nerve of the face, emerging from \mder the pa- 

 rotid gland. 



y The main branch of the portio dura (hard portion) of the seventh pair, the motor 

 (moving) nerve of the face coming out from beneath the parotid gland, to spread 

 over the face. 



2 Branches of both nerves, with small blood-vessels. 



There are also four distinct cartilages attached to the nostrils, which, by 

 their elasticity, bring- back the nostrils to their former dimensions, as soon as 

 the muscles cease to aci. The bones of the nose {a a, p. QQ, and/, p. 63), 

 are also sharpened off to a point, to give wider range for the action of the 

 muscles; while the cartilages are so contrived, as not only to discharge the 

 office we have mentioned, but to protect this projection of bone from injury. 



There are two circumstances, which, more than any others, will enable 

 the veterinary surgeon, and the owner of a horse, accurately to judge of 

 ohe character and degree of many diseases, and to which very few 

 pay sufficient attention ; these are the pulse, of which we shall presently 

 speak, and the colour of the membrane of the nose, at which we 

 have hinted, a few pages back, and of which we would again remind 

 the reader. It is the custom of most veterinary surgeons, and of 

 almost every horseman who takes any pains to ascertain for himself the 

 state of his sick horse, to turn down the under eyelid, and to form his 

 opinion by the colour which its lining presents. If it be very red, there is 

 considerable fever ; — if it be of a pale pinkish hue, there is little danger. 

 The nose is more easily got at ; — the surface presented to the view is more 

 extensive ; — the sympathy with almost all the important organs is greater ; — 

 and the changes produced by disease are more striking and more conclu- 

 sive. Let the reader first make himself well acquainted with the uniform 

 pale pink appearance of that portion of the membrane which covers the 

 lower part of the cartilaginous partition between the nostrils, when the horse 

 is in health, and quiet ; then the increased blush of red, betokening some 

 excitement of the system ; — the streaked appearance of inflammation com- 

 menced, and threatening to increase — the intense florid red, of acute inflam- 

 mation ; — the pale ground with patches of vivid red, shewing the half sub- 

 dued, but still existing fever ; the uniform colour, although somewhat 

 redder than natural, predicting a return to a healthy circulation ; the pale- 

 ness approaching to white, marking the stage of debility, and sometimes 

 intermingled with radiations of crimson, inducing the suspicion of lurking 

 mischief; and tlie dark livid colour of approaching stagnation of the vital 

 current : these, with all their shades of difference, will be guides to his 

 opinion and treatment, which every one, who has studied them, will highly 

 appreciate. 



V 



