AND CELLULAR PSYCHOLOGY. 55 



clianistic view the word " motion " (or peculiar mode 

 of motion) the sentence runs thus : " If I explain 

 attraction and repulsion as phenomena of motion, I 

 simply throw motion out of the window." 



Almost more remarkable is Virchow's assertion that 

 the lowest animals have no psychic properties ; that, 

 on the contrary, " these are only to be found in the 

 higher, and, with perfect certainty, only in the highest 

 animals." It is only to be regretted that Virchow has 

 not here stated what he understands by the higher and 

 the highest animals ; where that remarkable dividing 

 line is, beyond which the soul suddenly appears in the 

 hitherto soulless body. Every zoologist who is in 

 some degree familiar with the results of comparative 

 morphology and physiology will here clasp his hands 

 in astonishment, for by this proposition Virchow seems 

 to mean that we must ascribe a soul-life only to those 

 animals in which special soul-organs, in the form of a 

 central and peripheral nerve-system, are developed 

 from sense-organs and muscles. But it is admitted 

 that all these different soul-organs with their charac- 

 teristic properties have originated from single cells 

 through the division of labour (differentiation) ; and 

 the nerves and muscles especially have been developed 

 by differentiation from the neuro-muscular cells. 

 The cells from which all these different nerve-cells, 

 muscle-cells, mind-cells, and so forth, are derived, are 



