134 



THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF EUROPE. 



lateral line incomplete ; while types with the lateral line complete have been 

 named Sqalius, Itlus, Scardinins, and Telestes. The American species are 

 divided primarily by the number of scales in the lateral line, which is more 

 than fifty or less than fifty, and minor divisions are based on the position of 

 the dorsal fin and arrangement of the pharyngeal teeth. 



Leuciscus erythrophthalmus (LiN.). The Rudd. 



D. 1112, A. 1315, V. 910, P. 16, C. 7/17/6. 



The fish known in England as the Red-eye is widely distributed on the 

 Continent; it is the Sarf in Sweden, the Scardola of Italy, le Rotengle in 

 France, and das Rothange of Germany (Fig. 61). 



The Rudd has an elevated body, with a narrow oblique terminal mouth, the 

 angle of which reaches under the nares. The origin of the dorsal fin is con- 



Fig. 61. - LEUCISCfS ERYTHE.OPHTHALMU8 



spicuously behind the ventral. There are three rows of scales between the 

 lateral line and ventral fin, and the belly behind the ventrals forms a sharp 

 edge covered with scales ; but the species is extremely variable, and the pro- 

 portions, measurements, and colour vary with sex, age, and habitat. The body 

 is four times as long as high in the young fish, and three times as long as high 

 in old females, in which the back rises in a conspicuous curve. At the tail the 

 height diminishes to one-third. The body is compressed, so that the height is 

 two and a half times as much as the thickness. The head is as high as long; 

 the eye varies with age, being one-quarter of the length of the head in the 



