324 THE FRESH-WATER FISHES OF EUROPE. 



gated, five or six times as long as high. In mature specimens the head 

 is about as long as the body is high, but in the young the relative length of 

 the head is greater. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the 

 head. The snout is compressed and conical, half as long again as the orbital 

 diameter. The jaws are equal in front. The maxillary bone extends but little 

 beyond the hinder mai'gin of the orbit. It contains twenty to twenty-two 

 teeth of moderate size. There are six teeth in each pre-maxillary. There are 

 nineteen teeth on each palatine bone, six pairs on the tongue, three pairs on 

 the vomer, in two longitudinal series, and fifteen on each mandible. The width 

 of the inter-orbital space does not exceed twice the orbital diameter. The oper- 

 culum, rounded obtusely behind, is sometimes as long as high, sometimes with 

 the length only two-thirds of the height. 



The origin of the dorsal fin is nearer the snout than the base of the caudal ; 

 it is truncated, and its base is a third longer than its last ray. The adipose 

 fin is distant fully twice the length of its base from the dorsal. The anal fin 

 is midway between the root of the caudal and the ventral; it has a shorter base 

 than the dorsal. The caudal fin is forked, with pointed lobes. The ventral is 

 below the middle of the dorsal. The pectoral is longer than the rays of the 

 dorsal. It covers less than half the distance between its root, and that of the 

 ventral. 



The number of ccecal appendages is thirty-six to forty-two. 



Salmo nivalis (GUNTHER). 

 D. 14, A. 13. Scales: lat. line 190. 



Farther north, in the rivers and lakes of Iceland is a Charr, closely allied to 

 Salmo alpinus, so that it might be regarded as a representative of that form in 

 Iceland. It is known to reach a length of twenty-one inches. Dr. Giinther 

 describes the body as slightly compressed and elongated. The greatest depth is 

 equal to the length of the head, and is one-fifth of the length of the fish. 

 The maxillary bone extends beyond the orbit in the adult. The teeth are 

 rather small. The breadth of the frontal interspace is less than twice the 

 orbital diameter. 



The pectoral fin measures more than half the distance between its base and 

 the root of the ventral, and this elongation of the pectoral fin is one of its 

 best distinctive characters. The longest ray of the dorsal is equal to that of 

 the pectoral. The lower parts of the body are of a deep orange colour, and the 

 lower fins have the anterior margin orange-coloured or white. This species has 

 sixty-two vertebra?, and forty-one pyloric appendages. 



