434 



FRESH. WATER FISIIKS uF KUKOPK. 



Coregonus nilssoni, fin formula, 348 ; descrip- 

 tion of, il. ; distribution of, ib. 

 norwegica, 349. 



oxyrhynchus, fin formula, 337 ; distribu- 

 tion of, ib. ; length of snout, ib. ; descrip- 

 tion of, ib. ; size of, 338 ; migration and 

 spawning of, ib. 



pollan, fin formula, 350 ; home of, ib. ; 



description of, 351 ; size of, ib. 



vandesius, fin formula, 351; distribution 

 of, ib. ; Sir Win. Jardine on the constitution 

 of, ib. ; habits of, ib. ; spawning of, ib. ; 

 description of, 352 ; colour of, ib. 



vimba, tin formula, 350 ; description of, 

 ib. ; habits of, ib. ; usefulness as a food fish 

 in Lapland, ib. 



wartmanni, fin formula, 341 ; description 

 of, 341343; illustration of (Fig. 165), 342 ; 

 colour of, 343 ; abundance of in certain lakes, 

 ib. ; spawning of, ib. ; food of, ib. ; capture 

 of, 343, 345 ; local names of, 345. 



widegreni, fin formula of, 341 ; descrip- 



tion of, ib. 



Cottidae, 19, 4957. 



Cottus, 49 57 ; characters of genus, 49. 



gobio, 50 55; fin formula, 50 ; distribu- 

 tion of, ib.; illustration of (Fig. 18), ib. ; 

 illustration of head of (Fig. 19), 50 ; absence 

 of scales upon, 51 ; colour, ib. ; internal cha- 

 racters of, ib. ; distribution of, 52 ; habits of, 

 ib. ; time of spawning of, 52; nest and eggs 

 of, ib., 53 ; mode of capture, 53 ; flesh of, ib. ; 

 habits of fry, ib. ; origin of common name 

 (Miller's Thumb), ib., 54. Varieties : i., 

 ferrugineus, 54 ; illustration of (Fig. 22) : 

 illustration of head of (Fig. 23), 55 ; ii., 

 microstaiiuts, 53, 54 ; illustration of (Fig. 

 20) ; 53 ; illustration of head of (Fig. 21), 54. 



poocilopus, 55, 56 ; fin formula, 55 ; illus- 

 tration of (Fig. 24), ib. ; description of, ib., 

 56 ; distribution of, 56. 



scorpius, 56, 57 ; fin formula, 56 ; descrip- 



tion of, ib., 57 ; spawning of, 57 ; habitat of, 

 ib. ; distribution of, ib. 



Cyclostomata, 22, 420. 



Cyprinina, 94 ; characters of family, ib. ; sub- 

 divisions of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. 



Cyprinodon calaritanus, tin formula, 369 ; dis- 

 tribution of, ib. ; occurrence in hot springs, 

 ib. ; sexual characters of, ib. ; description of, 

 370 ; poisonous property of, ib.- 



characters of genus, 369 ; distribution of, 



it. 

 fasciatus, 370. 



ibericu.s, distinctive sexual characters of, 



ib. ; food of, 371 ; spawning of, ib. ; distribu- 

 tion of, ib. 



Cyprinidte, 20, 94. 



Cyprinodontidas, 22, 369372. 



Cyprinus acuminatus, 99, 101 ; illustration of 

 (Fig. 33), 100. 



carpio, 95 102 ; fin formula, 95 ; il- 

 lustration of (Fig. 32), 95 ; description 

 of, 9598; rapidity of growth of, 97; 

 variations in size of, ib. ; habits and food of, 

 ib. ; hybernation of, 98 ; spawning of, ib. ; 

 eggs of, ib. ; longevity of, ib.; tenacity of 

 life, ib. ; flesh of, ib', 99 ; Thames water 



specimens of, //;. ; process of " felting," ib. ; 

 discuses of, ib. ; varieties of, 99 102. 

 Cyprinus hungaricus, 101, 102; illustration of 

 (Fig. 35), 101 ; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 36), 



leuciscus (Linn.), 164. 

 nordmanni, 102. 

 regina (Fig. 37), 102. 



Esocidae, 22, 360 365 ; distinctive characters 

 of family of, 360 ; distribution of, ib. 



Esox, 360 365 ; characters and distribution of 

 genus, 360. 



lucius, 360 365 ; local names of, 361 ; 



illustration of (Fig. 168), ib. ; distribution 

 of, ib.: description of, 361, 362 ; colour of, 

 362 ; weight of, 363 ; rapidity of growth of, 

 ib. ; food of, ib. ; tales concerning, ib. ; vora- 

 city of, 364 ; attacked by birds of prey, ib. ; 

 spawning of, 365 ; capture of, ib. 



FISH-GROWTH, 12, 13; metamorphosis in life 

 history of lampreys, ib. ; size depending 

 gre'atly upon nature of food, ib. ; stimulation 

 of growth by insectivorous food, 13 ; growth 

 of perch, 27. 



FISH-STRVCTCRE, air-bladder in (Fig. 7), 11; 

 absence of in lamprey, ib. ; position of in 

 other fishes, ib. ; connection of with intestine 

 in early stages of fish life, ib. ; in the Cypri- 

 nina, 94. 



digestive organs, 11 ; dissection showing 

 internal anatomy of carp (Fig. 8), ib. ; liver 

 and pancreas, ib. ; pyloric appendages, ib. ; 

 liver, 12; gall-bladder, ib. ; spleen, ib. 

 fins, description of, 4, 5 : explanation of 

 fin formulae, 5 ; points to be noted in de- 

 scribing, ib. ; use of, ib. 



gill-arches (and operculum), 7 ; constitu- 

 tion of gill cover, 8 ; connections of, ib. ; 

 pseudobranchise, function of, ib. ; gill-rakers, 

 ib. ; spiracles, ib. ; respiratory sacs in lam- 

 prey, ib. ; intcr-operculum (Fig. 4), ib. 



mouth in fishes, position of, 7 ; jaws of, 



ib. ; mode of opening, ib. ; suctorial in lam- 

 prey, ib. ; lips, ib. ; teeth (Fig. 3), ib. ; dental 

 formula, ib. ; remarkable development of 

 teeth in certain cases, ib. ; variability in form 

 and arrangement of teeth in different 

 families, ib. 



reproductive organs, 12 ; oviparous nature 



of all European fresh-water fishes, ib. ; 

 ovaries, ib. ; milt, ib. ; oviducts, ib. ; discharge 

 of eggs, ib. ; development of brilliant colours 

 and tubercles in breeding season, //;. ; dissec- 

 tion of carp to show position of (Fig. 9), ib. 

 scales, description of two types, cycloid 



and ctenoid (Figs. 1 and 2), 5, 6; simplicity 

 of in eel, 6 ; overlapping of, ib. ; variation in 

 size of, in different parts of the body, ib. ; 

 absence of, from fins, ib. ; lateral line of 

 scales, ib. ; perforations in, as an outlet for 

 mucus, ib. ; presence of scutes instead of, in 

 sturgeons, ib. ; arrangement of, ib. ; number, 

 and how to express in form of a formula, ib. ; 

 periodical shedding of, in some fishes, ib. 



