436 



THE FliESH- WATER FISHES OF EUltOl'K. 



Lcuciscus aula, 142 144; fin formula, 142; de- 

 scription of, ib. 143 ; illustrntion of (Fig. 70), 

 142 ; pharyngeal bones of (Fig. 71), 143 ; size 

 of, ib. ; distribution of, 143 ; Gunther, 

 Heckel, and others on varieties of, 143, 144 ; 

 var. rubella, 143 ; illustration of, Frontis. ; 

 var. basak, 144 ; illustration of, Frontis. 



arrigonis, Description of, 181, 182 ; fin 



formula, 181 ; spawning period of, 182 ; eggs 

 of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. 



basak, 144. 



boarnensis, 163. 



borysthenicus, 141. 



cavedanus, 158. 



cephalus, 155 160; fin formula, 155; 



distribution of, 155; description of, ib., 157 ; 

 Dr. Gunther on, 156; illustration of (Fig. 

 82), 157 ; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 81), ib. ; 

 habitat of, ib. ; food of, ib. ; Buckland on, 

 158 ; mode of catching its prey, ib. ; baits for 

 capture of, ib. ; Heckel on diseases of, ib. ; 

 spawn of, ib. ; variability of species, ib. ; var. 

 cuvedanw (Fig. 83), 158, 159 ; var. 4s (Fig. 

 84), 160. 



chalybaeus, 163; illustration of, Frontis. 



dergle, 136. 



erythrophthalmus, 134 138 ; fin formula, 



134 ; distribution of, 134, 138 ; characters of, 

 134, 135 ; illustration of (Fig. 61), 134 ; pha- 

 ryngeal teeth of (Fig. 62), 135 ; variation in 

 colour with locality, 135 ; size of, 136 ; habits 

 and habitat of, ib. ; food of, ib. ; spawning of, 

 ib. ; var. dergle (Fig. 63), 136, 137 ; var. 

 scardafa (Figs. 65, 66), 137, 138 ; var. plotizza 

 (Fig. 64), ib. ; \ivr.macrophthalmus (Fig. 67), ib. 



friesii, description of, 153155 ; distri- 

 bution of, 153; illustration of (Fig. 79), 154 ; 

 head of (Fig. 80), ib. ; colour of, ib.; develop- 

 ment of tubercles at spawning season, 155 ; 

 pharyngeal teeth of, ib. 



heckelii, description of, 183 ; fin formula, 

 ib. ; colour of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. 



hispanicus, description of, 1 79 ; fin for- 

 mula, ib. ; habitat of, ib. ; distribution of, ib. ; 

 size of, ib. 



idus, 139142; local names of, 139 ; de- 

 scription of, ib., 140 ; illustration of (Fig. 68), 

 139; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 69), ib. ; 

 colour of, 140, 141; size of, 140; habits of, 

 ib. ; distribution of, 140, 141 ; var. miniattis, 

 141 ; var. lappoincus, ib. 



illyricus, description of, 164, 165 ; fin 



formula, 164 ; illustration of (Fig. 88), ib. ; 

 colour of, 165; size of, ib.; large scale of 

 (Fig. 89), ib. 



lancastriensis, 162. 

 lapponicus, 141. 



lemmingii, 182, 183; fin formula, 

 colour of, 183 ; distribution of, ib. 



macrolepidotus, description of, 181 



formula, ib. 



macrophthalmus, 138. 



microlepis, description of, 169, 170 ; fin 



formula, 169 ; illustration of (Fig. 93), 170 ; 

 distribution of, ib. 



miniatus, 141. 



muticellus, 172 175; fin formula, 172; 

 description of, ib., 174 ; illustration of (Fig. 



182 



fin 



95), 172; pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. !)<!), ib.; 

 food of, 173; spawning of, 174 ; flesh of, ib. ; 

 var. sariffiiyi, 174, 176. 



Lcuciscus pausingeri, illustration of (Fig. 74), 

 149. 



phoxinus, 175 178; description of, 175, 



177; fin formula, 175; local names of, il>.; 

 size of, ib.; illustration of (Fig. 98), 176; 

 pharyngeal teeth of (Fig. 99), ib. : variations 

 in colour of, ib. ; external sexual differences, 

 177; hatching of, natural and artificial, ib.: 

 habits of, ib. ; parasites of, 178 ; as articles of 

 food, ib. ; distribution of, 178. 



pigus, 150 153; fin formula, 150; illus- 

 tration of (Fig. 75), ib. ; pharyngeal bones of 

 (Fig. 76), ib. ; description of, 150, 153 ; head of 

 (Fig. 77), 151 ; development of spots upon 

 males at spawning-time, 152 ; seasonal colours 

 of, 152, 153; vertebra) of, 153; capture of, 

 153; gros-sness of food of , ib. ; var. virgo (Fig. 

 78), 151. 



roseiis, 153. 



pictus, description of, 165, 166; fin 



formula, 165 ; Gunther on, ib. 

 plotizza, 138. 



polylepis, description of, 185 ; fin formula, 

 ib. ; distribution of, ib. ; period of spawning, 

 ib. 



pyrenaicus, description of, 184 ; fin for- 



mula, ib. ; distribution of, ib. ; Gunther on, 

 184, 185 ; spawning of, 184. 



rodens, 163. 

 rostratus, 164. 



rubella, 143. 



rutilus, 145 149 ; fin formula, 145 ; 



description of, 145 147; illustration of 

 (Fig. 73) 146; size of, 147; Buckland on, ib. 

 wide distribution of, ib. ; Yarrell on, ib. 

 Grimm on, ib. ; commercial, value of, 148 

 spawn of, ib. ; origin of common name of, ///. 

 Lund on, ib. ; eggs of, ib. ; hybernation of, ib. 

 distribution of, ib. ; Heckel and Kner on 

 varieties of, 149 ; var. pausingeri, ib. 



savignyi, 174. 



scardafa, 137. 



- svallizc, description of, 166, 167 ; fin 

 formula, 166; distribution of, 166, 167. 

 tenellus, description of, 171 ; fin formula, 

 ib. ; illustration of (Fig. 94), ib. ; colour of, ib. 



- turskyi, description of, 168, 169; fin 

 formula, 168 ; Canestrini on limits of species, 

 ib. ; illustration of (Fig. 92), 169. 



- ukliva, description of, 167, 168; fin 

 formula, 167 ; distribution of, ib. ; size of, 

 ib. ; illustration of (Fig. 91), ib. ; colour of, 

 168; hybrid of, 237. 



virgo, 151. 



vulgaris, 160 164; fin formula of, 160; 



local names of, ib. ; description of, 160, 161 ; 

 illustration of (Fig. 85), 161 ; colour of, ib. ; 

 habitat of, 162 ; food of, ib. ; utility as a food 

 fish, ib. ; spawning period of, Ib. ; capture of, 

 ib.; var. lane a sir lens iff, 162; head of (Fig. 

 86), 163; var. bearnensis, ib.; var. chttl-y- 

 lir/'Uit, 163; var. rodenx, 'ib.; var. rox 

 (Fig. 87), ib. ; var. Cyprlnus 

 (Linnaeus), 164. 

 Lota, 82 84 ; characters of genus, 82. 



