Lhe Relation of Universities to 
Technical and Professional Education 
© Pine subject which I have the honour to bring before this 
meeting raises certain large and fundamental questions of 
university polity, which have been agitating many minds and 
which deserve serious consideration, and I think it will be 
more useful if, instead of attempting to give historical or 
statistical information, I direct the attention of the Congress to 
the broad considerations which affect the relation of universities 
to what is now commonly understood as technical and pro- 
fessional education. 
In outline, the situation may be described in the following 
way. Professions and business vocations are more and more 
becoming learned callings, each developing a special body of 
knowledge, which requires for its full mastery and effective use, 
an intellectual training of what may be called the university 
standard. The special training so required is, for what are known 
as the learned professions and for some other callings, already 
provided in universities. In the case of law, medicine, and 
theology it has been provided from the earliest days of uni- 
versities ; in engineering and agriculture it is comparatively 
new: in commerce and chemical technologies it is hardly of 
yesterday. 
Outside the universities, the training and the intellectual 
standards, which are deemed essential for certain callings, are 
often regulated by associations of people representing the 
particular interest concerned. This is, of course, still partly 
the case with medicine, law, and theology. Associations of 
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