TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION 41 
the kind frequently set up the standards, enforce them by 
examinations, but do not provide any training. Such, for 
example, is the case in this country with the Institution of 
Civil Engineers and the Institute of Chemistry. Further, we 
must note the existence of a great variety of special training 
schools with professional or technological aims, where 
a portion or the whole of the work is of university standard, 
but where there is no direct association with a university or with 
an incorporated body representing a single interest. Lastly, 
there are affiliation arrangements for the inclusion of technical 
studies. 
The next fact that I wish to emphasize is that the authorities 
who govern these outside institutions and associations are, 
to a large extent, men engaged in the particular calling con- 
cerned, and are not primarily academic in their interests 
and outlook. In some cases a municipality is the governing 
body. It is to be expected that in any readjustment of 
educational plans the existing governors will be tenacious of 
the authority they have already acquired. 
The question now is, What should be the attitude of the 
universities in this complicated situation? They do not 
stand outside, they are already involved in it; they cannot 
refuse to be interested. It concerns especially those newer 
universities which are still developing a fundamental policy. 
The main difficulties of the position appear to me to be these. 
On the one hand, it may be supposed that those who are 
primarily interested in special studies, would be very glad to 
secure for them the certain advantages which come from 
incorporation in a university. They can hardly refuse to 
acknowledge the benefit to all young men standing at the 
threshold of their life-careers, of the humanizing life of a uni- . 
versity, with its great variety of individuals and interests, its 
broadening influence on intellectual outlook,and its potent effect 
in the formation of ideals and of character. They fear, however, 
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