12 THE MODERN UNIVERSITY MOVEMENT 
imply that they are no longer arts, or that to call a man an 
artist in his work is not still the highest term of praise. All I say 
is, that the arts of industry and commerce have now a recogniz- 
able scientific basis, and that no man can now be held to be 
fully equipped for their pursuit unless he is familiar with the 
sciences that underly and suffuse them. 
We may look upon this from a utilitarian standpoint ; we 
may instance the great fortunes that have been made by men 
who have known how to turn science to practical account ; we 
may point to industries which have prospered and industries 
which have languished, in proportion to the attention which 
has been given to their scientific basis. But we may look © 
upon it also in another way. If we believe in the dignity of 
labour, if we wish to see in it something more than the earning 
of a wage or the accumulation of a fortune, we shall seek to 
ennoble it in every way we can, to shed upon it all the light 
that science and learning can afford, and to ensure that it 
shall be elevated by the delight which comes from the exercise 
of a trained understanding. | 
Many things have contributed to the establishment of the 
new universities. The most important that I have not yet 
mentioned has been the great growth of popular education, 
the construction of that much talked of ladder which begins 
in the elementary school. The towns have been producing an 
ever-increasing number of young people who have had the 
capacity, the training, and the inclination for higher study, and 
who, from lack of means, have required that it should be 
supplied at their door. The great demand for school teachers 
has added incidentally to the urgency of this need. 
It is, I think, easy to see how we have come into being. 
The causes already named; the existence of religious tests 
at the old universities; the tardy cultivation of natural 
science there; the great expansion of industries and their 
interpenetration with science ; the growth of popular education 
