INDIAN NATIONAL LIFE 89 
The result has been the creation in Germany of a material 
prosperity which is quite extraordinary. The example that 
is often quoted is that of the German chemical industry. 
That industry, developed within a period of half a century, 
produces a yield of something like fifty million pounds sterling 
annually. To take one single thing and a striking example 
of what Germany has done in science—in 1897 Germany 
imported natural indigo of the value of ‘six hundred thousand 
pounds, and in 1912 she exported artificial indigo of the 
value of over two millions, and a good deal of it to India! 
In Germany there are at the present time probably no less 
than twenty thousand people being trained in science in the 
institutions of university rank as against 2,600 in England; 
so that whilst the population proportion of the two nations, 
Germany and England, is 13 to 9, in the highest education 
the ratios are 13 to 13. There are over 4,0co highly 
trained chemists employed in German industries. 
Now I have told you perhaps enough about France and 
about Germany. I must get back to my main theme. It 
is obvious from the examples I have chosen that the highest 
science such as that of Pasteur and that of Germany ‘pays’. 
It effects great improvement on things that exist, and from 
what exists develops great things that are new. I lay stress 
on this last qualification for a particular reason. There 
is a belief which is widespread, and to which utterance is 
sometimes given, that research pure and simple is calculated 
to produce very great material results. I have read since 
I came to India, in the Hindustan Review, an article on 
‘Scientific Research in India’, which had many merits. But 
so far as I could read, the paper seems to be fraught with 
one most serious mistake. The author in one place says, 
after alluding to one of the greatest workers of the past, 
‘What urged the scientists to these battles and these victories 
over nature which have become the heritage of the human 
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