CONTENTS 



lenses, p. 112 His paper before the Royal Society detailing his 

 theories and experiments, p. 113 Amici's improved compound 

 microscope, p. 113 The rise of histology, p. 114 The question of 

 the shape of the red corpuscles settled by Lister, p. 114 Robert 

 Brown's discovery of the nuclei of plant cells, p. 115 Schwann's 

 researches on animal cells, p. 118 Schwann's famous cell theory, 

 p. 119 Studies in embryology by Von Baer, Mtiller, and Carpenter, 

 p I22 Von Mohl's investigation of the cell contents, p. 123 The 

 studies of protoplasm by De Bary and Max Schultze,p. 125 Von 

 Mohl's discovery of the formation of cells by division of pre-existing 

 cells, p. 126 Virchow's demonstration of the correctness of Von 

 lAohl's theory of cell formation, p. 127 The discovery of hydro- 

 chloric acid in the gastric juice by Prout, p. 129 Discovery of 

 glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, p. 

 ,30 Discovery of the function of the various glands and organs 

 that act in the process of digestion, p. 130 Liebig's demonstra- 

 tion that the activities of life are the product of energy due to 

 destructive processes occurring in the ultimate cells, p. 131 Ex- 

 haustive studies of the function of the red corpuscles, p. 135 

 Claude Bernard's studies of the ductless glands, p. 137. 



CHAPTER VI 



THEORIES OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION 



Goethe's studies of the metamorphosis of plants, p. 140 His doc- 

 trine that all parts of the flower are modified or metamorphosed 

 leaves, p. 142 Extension of the doctrine of metamorphosis to the 

 animal kingdom by Goethe and Oken, p. 146 Erasmus Darwin 

 and his Botanic Garden, p. 147 His suspicion that different species 

 are modifications of one parent stock, p. 148 The work of Jean 

 Baptiste de Lamarck, p. 150 His conception of the transmutation 

 of species, p. 152 Cuvier's opposition to the transmutation doc- 

 trine, p. 153 The term "biology" coined independently by Trevir- 

 anus and Lamarck, p. 160 The doctrine of transmutation cham- 

 pioned by Etienne Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, p. 160 Robert Chambers 

 and his Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, p. 162 Darwin 

 begins his work on the doctrine of evolution, p. 166 His studies of 

 variation in different species of domestic animals, p. 168 The 

 years spent in gathering his facts, p. 170 The work of Alfred Rus- 

 sel Wallace, p. 172 The joint papers of Darwin and Wallace before 

 the Linnaean Society, in 1858, p. 173 Darwin's Origin of Species, 

 p. 173 Its effect upon the scientific world, p. 175 Huxley's esti- 

 mate of Darwin's accomplishment, p. 178 The disputed question 

 of "spontaneous" variations, p. 178 Weismann's objections to the 



