CONTENTS 



ceptance of Dalton's theory, p. 41 The law of Avogadro, p. 43 

 Amadeo Avogadro names the compound atoms "molecules," p. 

 44 Berzelius's studies of "equivalents," p. 44 The establish- 

 ment of the laws of the specific heat of atoms, and of isomorphism, 

 p. 45 Experiments of Davy in decomposing substances with elec- 

 tricity, p. 46 His famous Bakerian lecture of 1806, p. 48 The 

 theory of binary composition of chemical compounds, p. 53 

 Urea synthesized in the laboratory by Wohler, and organic chem- 

 istry established, p. 54 Liebig's and Wohler's studies of compound 

 radicals, p. 55 Revival of Avogadro's law by Gerhardt, p. 57 

 Investigations of the "valency" of different atoms, p. 57 Ste.- 

 Claire Deville's investigations of "dissociation," p. 6 1 Isomerism 

 proved by Liebig and Wohler, p. 62 William Prout's studies of 

 atomic weights, p. 66 Revival of Prout's alleged law by Dumas, 

 p. 67 Mendeldeff's "periodic law," p. 68 The spectroscope per- 

 fected by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, p. 69 Daguerre discovers prac- 

 tical photography, p. 70 Draper's application of photography to 

 spectroscopy, p. 70 Observations of the sun and stars by the 

 spectroscope and photographic plate, p. 71 Sir Norman Lock- 

 yer's deductions from these observations, p. 71. 



CHAPTER IV 



ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 



Albert von Haller, p. 73 His doctrine of irritability, p. 74 

 Battista Morgagni and morbid anatomy, p. 76 The work of Will- 

 iam Hunter, p. 76 John Hunter, p. 78 His study of lymphatics, 

 p. 79 His discovery of the collateral circulation of the blood, p. 

 81 His operation for aneurism, p. 84 Lazzaro Spallanzani and 

 the study of spontaneous generation, p. 86 His chemical theory 

 of digestion, p. 88 Hunter's studies of digestion, p. 90 The dis- 

 covery of the function of respiration, p. 92 Erasmus Darwin on 

 vegetable respiration, p. 94 Closing epoch of the eighteenth cen- 

 tury, p. 99. 



CHAPTER V 



NINETEENTH-CENTURY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 



Cuvier's "law of co-ordination," p. 102 Bichat's studies of the 

 "animal systems" and "organic systems" of vertebrates, p. 107 

 His division of anatomical structures into sets of "tissues," p. 108 

 Attempts to improve the compound microscope, p. 109 Wollas- 

 ton's improvement by making use of plano-convex lenses, p. no 

 Sir John Herschel's improvement, p. 1 1 1 Lister's experiments with 



iv 



