EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 



tion of Broca, a name which, strangely enough, the 

 discoverer's compatriots have been slow to accept. 



This discovery very naturally reopened the entire 

 subject of brain localization . It was but a short step to 

 the inference that there must be other definite centres 

 worth the seeking, and various observers set about 

 searching for them. In 1867 a clew was gained by 

 Eckhard, who, repeating a forgotten experiment by 

 Haller and Zinn of the previous century, removed por- 

 tions of the brain cortex of animals, with the result of 

 producing convulsions. But the really vital departure 

 was made in 1870 by the German investigators Fritsch 

 and Hitzig, who, by stimulating definite areas of the 

 cortex of animals with a galvanic current, produced 

 contraction of definite sets of muscles of the opposite 

 side of the body. These most important experiments, 

 received at first with incredulity, were repeated and 

 extended in 1873 by Dr. David Ferrier, of London, and 

 soon afterwards by a small army of independent 

 workers everywhere, prominent among whom were 

 Franck and Pitres in France, Munck and Goltz in Ger- 

 many, and Horsley and Schafer in England. The de- 

 tailed results, naturally enough, were not at first all 

 in harmony. Some observers, as Goltz, even denied 

 the validity of the conclusions in toto. But a con- 

 sensus of opinion, based on multitudes of experiments, 

 soon placed the broad general facts for which Fritsch 

 and Hitzig contended beyond controversy. It was 

 found, indeed, that the cerebral centres of motor ac- 

 tivities have not quite the finality at first ascribed to 

 them by some observers, since it may often happen 

 that after the destruction of a centre, with attending 



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