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solely the result of the non-acting of the swivels, thus allowing 

 the twisting motion of the bait, instead of being confined to the 

 lower part of the trace, to extend upwards to the reel-line. 



To remedy this, I changed the position of the lead, so that 

 instead of being evenly balanced, by the trace passing through a 

 hole up the middle, the centre of gravity was shifted to a point 

 below, thus creating a ' block on the line,' above which the ' twist ' 

 could not pass, and obliging the swivels to do their work. 



This notion was at once taken up, and numerous were the 

 patterns of lead designed to perfect the idea, the journal in 

 which my letter was published leading the way with the " Field " 

 lead, which has again been varied over and over again. I myself 

 made more variations than anybody, but still could never feel 

 sure that the possible limit of perfection had been reached, having 

 regard to the numerous points that had to be considered such 

 as ' weed catching,' conspicuousness in the water, and above all 

 that the paramount essential of a genuine and effective t block ' 

 should be thoroughly fulfilled. 



One point soon became plain to me, viz., that in order to 

 give the system fair play the correct position for the swivels was 

 close below the lead ; just at the point, that is, where the vis 

 inertia of the lead was likely to exert its influence upon them in 

 the most direct manner. Then, after further experiments, I 

 found that two swivels joined into one had, for some reason, 

 a much more certain and reliable effect than the same two 

 swivels separate ; and, finally, in order to secure the utmost 

 economy of time and convenience in changing flights, baits, &c., 

 I designed a 'hook-swivel' now the property of Messrs. Farlow 



PENNELL ' HOOK-SWIVEL.' 



