676 OLIGOCHAETA 



are strictly paired; they are absent upon the first few segments of the body, as is 

 the case with some other Geoscolicidae ; the segment upon which the setae commence 

 varies with the species. The clitellum has only been found in Kynotus michaelsenii ; 

 in that species it occupies segments xix-xxv ; as in Kynotus michaelsenii the male 

 pores are upon the fifteenth segment, we have a case of an Anteclitellian worm 

 which is not a Lumbricid. In the other two species the male pores have a more 

 normal position; they open upon segment xvi *. 



In the account given by MICHAELSEN, the position of the organs is very different 

 from that accepted here; this is due to the fact that the author mentioned considered 

 as segments what are really no more than annuli. I follow, therefore, the enumeration 

 given by BENHAM (8) with which that of ROSA appears to agree. 



There is a gizzard in segments v or vi ; there are no calciferous glands. The 

 nephridia are, as in all other genera of Geoscolicidae, paired structures ; the first pair 

 is larger than those which follow, and, according to MICHAELSEN, opens into the 

 pharynx in K. madagascariensis Ros.v, however, found that this was not the case 

 with K. michaelsenii; the first pair of nephridia in that species open on to the 

 exterior of the body on the second segment ; neither these nor the subsequent pairs 

 have any caecum. The reproductive organs are like those of other genera of the 

 subfamily Geoscolicinae ; the testes (in K . m ichaelsenii the only species in which 

 they have been found) are in segments x, xi ; opposite to them, in this species, are 

 the funnels of the sperm-ducts in all probability ; for ROSA found two separate 

 sperm-ducts on each side of the body. The sperm-ducts open into a terminal 

 muscular sac, which has been described by both MICHAELSEN and ROSA ; MICHAELSEN, 

 however, was unable to find the actual orifice of the sperm-ducts into this sac. This 

 sac consists of a terminal muscular portion with exceedingly thick walls, enclosing 

 a naiTow lumen with epithelial lining ; into the lower part of this, near to the 

 external orifice, opens a tubular gland, which MICHAELSEN compares to the ' prostate ' 

 of the other families of Oligochaeta. A more detailed account is to be found in 

 ROSA'S paper, which is, however, unfortunately not illustrated by any figures. 



In segments xiii and xiv (or xiv, xv) are three or four pairs of small tubular 

 glands in common with each of which opens on to the exterior a sac of modified 

 setae. These structures recall analogous structures in certain species of Acantho- 

 drilidae (see p. 131) more than do the corresponding organs in other Geoscolicinae. 

 The minute anatomy of the glands is, according to ROSA, precisely that of the 

 glandular appendix of the Bursa propulsatoria. The ovaries (only known in 



1 According to BENHAM'S interpretation of this segmentation. 



