58 BASES AND CRITERIA. 



Raunkiaer, 1905. The system of Raunkiaer (1905 : 347) seems on the 

 surface to differ radically from all others. This is due to the fact that the 

 winter protection of buds is assigned the first rank and the growth-form 

 during the vegetative season is regarded as secondary. The apparent differ- 

 ence is increased by the use of new terms based upon the degree of bud pro- 

 tection. As a matter of fact, Raunkiaer's system, like the others discussed 

 here, takes account of both summer and winter conditions, and its difference 

 is more a matter of arrangement and terminology than of essentials. For 

 example, the group of phanerophytes corresponds essentially to woody plants, 

 crjrptophytes constitute the bulk of pleiocyclic herbs, and therophytes are 

 annuals, while the subdivisions practically all have their equivalents in the 

 other systems. The hemicryptophytes are far from satisfactory as a group, 

 because of their similarity to helophytes on the one hand (p. 420) and thero- 

 phytes on the other (p. 423) . By the omission of cryptogams, the classification 

 avoids confusion with systematic types and presents an attractively con- 

 sistent character, increased by a consistent terminology. While the terms 

 are well-chosen and properly constructed, their length will preclude their 

 common use, except perhaps in the case of the five major groups: 



I. Phanerophytes (bud-shoots aerial): 



1. Herbaceous phanerophytes. 



2. Evergreen megaphanerophytes (above 30 m.) without bud-scales. 



3. Evergreen mesophanerophytes (8 to 30 m.) without bud-scales. 



4. Evergreen microphaneroph5rtes (2 to 8 m.) without bud-scales. 



5. Evergreen nanophanerophytes (below 2 m.) without bud-scales. 



6. Epiphytic phanerophytes. 



7. Evergreen megaphanerophytes with bud-scales. 



8. Evergreen mesophanerophytes with bud-scales. 



9. Evergreen microphanerophytes with bud-scales. 



10. Evergreen nanophanerophytes with bud-scales. 



11. Phanerophytes with succulent stem. 



12. Deciduous megaphanerophytes with bud-scales. 



13. Deciduous mesophanerophytes with bud-scales. 



14. Deciduous microphanerophytes with bud-scales. 



15. Deciduous nanophanerophytes with bud-scales. 



II. Chamaephytes (bud-shoots protected by snow or fallen leaves); 



16. Suffrutescent chamaephjiies: many Labiatae. 



17. Passive decumbent chamaephtyes: species of Sedum, Saxifraga. 



18. Active chamaephyt: Linnaea, Empetrum. 



19. Cushion plants: Azorella, Raoulia. 



III. Hemicryptophytes (bud-shoots at the soil level) : 



20. Protohemicryptophytes. 



A, Plants without creeping offshoots: Linaria, Verbena, Medicago. 



B. Plants with creeping offshoots, stolons, or rhizomes: Urtica, Saponaria. 



21. Subrosette plants. 



A. Plants without creeping offshoots: Caltha, Geum. 



B. Plants with creeping offshoots: Ranunculus reptans. 



22. Rosette plants. 



A. Plants without offshoots: Primula, Taraxacum, Carex. 



B. Plants with offshoots: Hieracium, Petasites. 

 Plants with monopodial rosette. 



I. Monopodium with leaves but no scales. 



A. Aerial leaf and flower shoots: Trifolium pratense. 



B. Aerial shoots flower-bearing only. 



a. Without creeping offshoots: Plantago major. 

 h. With creeping offshoots: Fragaria, Trifolium repens. 

 II. Monopodium with both leaves and scales. 



A. Without creeping offshoots: Anemone hepatica. 



B. With creeping offshoots: Convallaria majaUs. 

 III. Monopodium with scales alone: Sedum rhodiola. 



