SECRETARY'S REPORT. 181 



Mr. Clement. — I have seen it. And I have seen the borer 

 under the smooth bark up among the branches ; and I have seen 

 where the birds have pecked them out. 



Mr. Davis. — Is not the borer the same worm that cuts the 

 limbs from the oak trees ? 



Mr. Clement. — No, that is done by another insect altogether. 

 Neither is the flat-headed worm, found under the Imrk of rotten 

 wood, the borer. Sometimes this flat-headed worm is found 

 under the bark" of the apple-tree, where the bark lias Ijccn killed 

 by the heat of the sun. Sometimes the sun shines so hotly on 

 a portion of the tree newly exposed to its rays, as to kill the 

 bark. I always take some of the branches, which I have sawed 

 off when grafting trees or trimming them, and fasten them on 

 the limbs that are in danger of being sunburnt. 



Mr, TiDD. — In preparing the roots, when setting out trees, do 

 you cut off the tap-root ? 



Mr. Clement. — We always cut it. We have many trees, 

 though, that do not seem to have any tap-root. Much depends 

 upon the soil where trees grow, whether they have a tap-root or 

 not. Seedlings will almost invariably run right down for one 

 year. They have few fibres the first year. 



Mr. TiDD. — Do you shorten in the branches of the tree when 

 it is set out ? 



Mr. Clement. — I do. I should cut off half the last year's 

 growth, if it made a great growth the year before, depending 

 somewhat on the shape of the tree. 



Mr. TiDD. — In heading in a tree, would you have any refer- 

 ence to the number of roots ? 



Mr. Clement. — Yes, always. In digging up nursery trees we 

 frequently find one not well rooted, and lay it aside and head it 

 in. When planting a tree, all the branches which would cross 

 each other while growing should be cut off. If this matter is 

 attended to, it will scarcely ever be necessary to cut off any 

 large branches, which should always be avoided. 



Mr. Capen. — Would you prune an apple orchard annually, as 

 we do the grape ? 



Mr. Clement. — I think it well to prune an orchard a little 

 every year. 



Mr. Earle. — Would you recommend the cutting in of the 

 apple in the same manner as we do the grape and the peach, 



