WINTER INJURY IN RELATION TO SPECIFIC FRUITS 331 



Mounding has been effective in protecting Vinifera grapes in New 

 Mexico" and hardy grapes in Iowa were satisfactorily wintered by a 

 sUght mounding about the trunks and a slight covering of the tips of 

 the canes with soil.-' Straw protection has been less satisfactory on 

 Viniferas in New York than laying the vines down and giving a slight 

 earth covering. Vines treated in this last manner have proved hardy 

 in very trying climates. 



Severe freezes in grape growing regions damage all varieties so that 

 a close estimate of hardiness in such places is difhcult. However, as 

 the culture extends into colder regions varietal differences become more 

 evident. The American Pomological Society's catalog highly commends: 

 for Section I, Brighton, Cottage, Diamond, Herbert, Lady, Lindley, 

 Moore Early, Moyer, Niagara (?), Victor, Winchell (Green Mountain), 

 Woodbury and Worden; for Section II, Janesville and Winchell; for 

 Section XIV, Diamond is the only variety to receive even a qualified 

 recommendation. ^^^ 



For Vermont, Waugh^o^ recommends Moore Early, Worden, Moyer, 

 Brighton, Wyoming Red and Green Mountain. The Northwest Minne- 

 sota Experiment Station for a more trying situation recommends Beta, 

 Janesville and Campbell Early. ^^^ Hansen in South Dakota expresses 

 preference for Worden, Concord and Moore Early in favorable situations 

 and for unfavorable locations, Janesville. ^^ The difficulty with Concord 

 in Vermont appears to arise, not from its lack of hardiness but rather 

 from the brevity of the growing season. 



THE SMALL FRUITS 



Though winter killing in cane fruits is common, more common, 

 perhaps, than it is among tree fruits, conditions of plant and environ- 

 ment favoring or reducing injury are far less understood. This is due, 

 in part to the large number of units involved so that the loss of a few 

 plants is hardly noticed, in part to the short normal life of a cane fruit 

 plantation so that even an extensive loss is not as calamitous as that of 

 an orchard and in part to the quick recovery of the plants from the com- 

 mon forms of winter injury. When a tree trunk is severely injured 

 recovery is a matter of several years, if indeed it is ever complete. 

 Raspberry or blackberry canes, on the other hand, may kill to the ground 

 but only one crop is lost and the following autumn generally finds the 

 plants in as good condition as ever. 



The growing of small fruits has, in most of the northern sections, 

 because of these conditions, developed along two lines; in some cases only 

 hardy varieties are grown and no winter protection is given and in others 

 protection is given and desirable varieties grown regardless of their 

 hardiness. Hence inquiry into hardiness as it relates to small fruits 

 generally has taken the form of variety testing for this quality; related 



