336 FUNDAMENTALS OF FRUIT PRODUCTION 



types. 12^ Gooseberries rarely suffer from winter killing but where 

 comparison has been possible Houghton seems the hardiest, with Down- 

 ing and Industry only slightly less resistant. Turner seems for a long 

 time to have been considered generally the hardiest of the older red 

 raspberries; though the newer Sunbeam and Ohta appear even hardier, 

 a large number of varieties, such as Hansell, Marlboro and Herbert, 

 are hardy enough for all but the most trying climates. Hardier than 

 many of the red raspberries, particularly those with European ancestry, 

 are the hardiest blackcaps, including Plum Farmer and Older. Of the 

 blackberries, Snyder is generally the hardiest, with Eldorado and Agawam 

 ranking close to it. Lucretia is perhaps the most widely grown dewberry 

 in the northern states, being grown successfully in Iowa and Minnesota 

 when covered with soil through the winter. 



Summary. — Though winter injury from other causes sometimes 

 occurs, both the apple and the pear suffer most from those forms asso- 

 ciated with immaturity. Certain cultural practices encourage earlier 

 maturity, but in these fruits protection against winter injury is most 

 readily secured by a judicious selection of varieties. The peach, plum 

 and cherry suffer from injuries associated with immaturity and with 

 an early breaking of the rest period, the latter being the most important 

 with the peach and certain plums and the former with other plum groups 

 and the cherry. Protective measures lie principally in controlling season 

 and degree of maturity, though something can be accomplished by selec- 

 tion of varieties. Grapes suffer mainly from those forms of winter 

 injurj^ associated with immaturity. Varieties show great differences 

 in their hardiness. In addition to the protective measures adapted to 

 the tree fruits protection by artificial covering of the canes during the 

 winter is sometimes practicable with this fruit. The small fruits show 

 a wide range in hardiness, some of them, as the currant and gooseberry 

 being among the hardiest and others, as the western dewberries, being 

 very tender. The bramble fruits, in addition to being subject to a 

 general killing back, are particularly susceptible to injury at the crown. 



