582 FUNDAMENTALS OF FRUIT PRODUCTION 



Newman gave a strong, vigorous growth, considerably above the average, 

 tending at the same time to produce more both of secondary roots and 

 of fibers." In the following year he reported: "No case was observed 

 this year in which the scion showed any marked effect on the stock. "^^^ 



Baco^ cites numerous grape stocks in which the roots grow more 

 spreading when grafted with Baroque; among these are: Riparia 

 Gloire, Rupestris du Lot and Riparia X Rupestris 3306. On the other 

 hand, Chasselas X Berlandieri 41 5 becomes deeper rooted when grafted 

 with the same cion variety. This last stock, it is said, succeeds best in 

 warm, dry seasons and the deeper penetration of the roots is held to be 

 disadvantageous in many locations and seasons. 



Longevity, Growing Season and Hardiness. — Some rather spectacu- 

 lar instances of modification in growing habits of stocks are reported. 



Linderauth^^ grafted an Abutilon cion on the roots of an annual plant, Modiola 

 caroliniana, and thereby kept the combination plant alive 3 years and 5 months. 

 Althcea narhonnensis has tops which die to the ground every winter. Grafted 

 with Abutilon Thompsoni, a plant of Althcea with no other top could not secure 

 the proper materials for forming winter buds and died. Another specimen, 

 similarly grafted, but sending out a sucker from the root, lived and kept the 

 cion living over a year. DanieP' obtained similar results with Solanum 

 puhigerum on Giant tobacco, which is an annual in Brittany. 



Sahut^^^ cites numerous instances of evergreen cions, as Cratcegus glabra 

 and Raphiolepis on the common quince, etc., succeeding on deciduous stocks. 

 However, these cases lose some of their significance in the light of present knowl- 

 edge of winter processes in deciduous plants. The same writer states that when 

 the late opening St. Jean walnut is grafted on the common walnut the stock "is 

 obliged to hold back a month or more. Deciduous cherries," he states, "on 

 the Laurier-Amande (evergreen) make the stock rest almost absolutely. The 

 varieties of grape which push out late, Carignane, for example, grafted on Riparia 

 or other American species which start sensibly earlier, hold the stock back. The 

 European early starting grapes, as Aramon, when on late American stocks, as 

 York Madeira, force the stock to earlier growth." 



Perhaps more definite information may be secured from certain 

 instances where the cion appears to have an effect on hardiness. 

 Since this is in many cases a matter of maturity the effects recorded may 

 be considered equally as effects on maturity. 



Vard^'*^ in an extensive survey following the severe winter of 1890-1891 in 

 France found that rose stocks which had supported cions of Tea and Bourbon 

 roses had not only lost their cions but were themselves killed back to the ground. 

 Unbudded stocks or those which had supported hardy varieties suffered Uttle. 



Following the cold whiter of 1913 in Cahfornia Webber and others found some 

 apparent cases of "a definite influence of the tops upon the stocks. In one case," 

 they report, "in the spring of 1912 a nursery of gour seedlings was budded to 

 Eureka lemons. Many of these buds did not take, so that during the freeze of 



