36 ROBERT OGDEN AND SHEPHERD IVORY FRANZ 



the animal to move the paralyzed segments. The flaccid arm, for ex- 

 ample, was dealt with in the following manner. The animal was held 

 by a strap attached about the waist and the dorsal surface of the right 

 hand was struck with a strap; this appeared to "anger" the animal and 

 he endeavored to escape from the irritation (by the use of shoulder and 

 arm muscles), and to lift the arm and hand to grasp the irritating 

 stimulus; subsequent to the attempts to get the animal to move the 

 arm muscles, the muscles which in human hemiplegic cases are those 

 most difficult to recover (the extensors) and the nerves of those muscles 

 were stimulated by friction and tapotement from five to ten minutes, 

 the duration of the treatment depending upon the conditions of the 

 involved muscles. The treatment of the leg was as follows: The ani- 

 mal was strapped to a table, the right leg was held and the sole of the 

 foot was struck to cause the animal to withdraw it; friction was also 

 applied to the nerves and to the muscles; reactions similar to those of the 

 arm segment were obtained from the leg, the animal attempting to es- 

 cape from the 'stimulus by drawing up and by abducting the leg. At 

 the same time the animal was led around by its strap, and in this way 

 the animal was encouraged to use its paralyzed leg in walking and its 

 paralyzed arm for support as it went about the room. 



At first little or no reaction was obtained from the stimulating 

 treatment, but soon the application of the stimulus brought about 

 slight appropriate or adequate responses, and after a few days the 

 responses to the stimuli were almost equal to those of a normal animal. 

 Soon also the animal began to use the arm for grasping food and in 

 carrying it to the mouth, and the arm and the leg were used, but of 

 course awkwardly at first, for climbing and holding. 



At the end of fourteen days the animal could use its leg and arm 

 very well, and three weeks after the operation the monkey was able 

 to pick small objects from the floor and to convey them to his mouth; 

 he was able to use the two legs, both individually and together, very 

 well, and there was no observable disturbances in walking and climb- 

 ing beyond that to be expected from an animal which had one arm 

 (the left normal one) rendered useless by the restricting jacket. In 

 three weeks the monkey's movements on the right side were as accu- 

 rate, precise, and forceful as those of a normal animal, and when the 

 left strapped-down arm was liberated it was found to be less accurate 

 than the right (disuse phenomenon). About two months later this 

 animal was observed to catch with the right hand a fly that had alighted 



