320 



THE SEED. 



ripening of some sort of catkin. The name is applied to the fruit of 

 the Hop, where the large and thin scales are bracts ; but it more 

 especially belongs to the Pine or Fir cone, the peculiar fruit of Co- 

 niferae (Fig. 59G), the scales of which are open carpels (5 GO), bear- 

 ing two or more naked seeds upon their upper or inner face (Fig, 

 597). A more or less fleshy and closed cone, such as that of Taxo* 

 dium, and especially that of Juniper (Savin, Red Cedar, &c), which 

 at maturity imitates a berry, has been termed a Galualus. 



CHAPTER XI. 



OF THE SEED. 



Sect. I. Its Structure axd Parts. 



C2G. The Seed, like the ovule (561), of which it is the fertilized 

 and matured state, consists of a Nucleus, or kernel, usually en- 

 closed within two Integuments. 



627. lis Integuments, &C The outer, or 

 proper seed-coat, corresponding to the ex- 

 terior coat of the ovule, is variously termed 

 the Ei'isperm, Spermoderm, or more com- 

 monly the Testa (Fig. 599, b). It varies 

 greatly in texture, from membranaceous or 

 papery to crustaceous or bony (as in the 

 Papaw, Nutmeg, &c), and also in form, being sometimes closely 

 applied (conformed) to the nucleus, and in other cases loo.?.o and 

 cellular (as in Pyrola, Fig. 927, and Sullivantia, Fig. 843), or ex- 

 panded into wings (as in the Catalpa and Trumpet-Creeper, Fig. 

 G01), which render the seeds buoyant, and facilitate their dispersion 

 by the wind ; whence winged seeds are oidy met with in dehiscent 

 fruits. The wing of the seed of Pines (Fig. 598) is a part of the 

 surface of the scale or carpel to which it is attached, and which 

 separates with it. For the same purpose, the testa is sometimes 



FIG- 599. Vertical magnified section of the (anatropous) seed of the American Linden : a, 

 the hilum ; 6, the testa ; c, the tegmen ; il, the albumen ; e, thd embr. o GOO. Vertical section 

 of the (orthotropous) seed of Ilelianthemum Canadeuse . a, the funiculus. 



