432 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF TIIK NATURAL ORDKRS. 



atlnate to the 2 - 5-celled ovary ; the limb four- or five-cleft or 

 toothed, or occasionally obsolete. Stamens us many as the lobes of 

 the regular corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on the tube. 

 Fruit various. Seeds albuminous. — This extensive family divides 

 into two principal suborders, viz. : — 



839. Sllboi'd. StclIatcaB {Madder Family proper). Herbs, with the 

 leaves in whorls ; but all except a single pair are generally supposed 

 to take the place of stipules. — Ex. Galium, Rubia (the Madder), 

 &c., nearly all belonging to the colder parts of the world. The roots 

 of Madder yield the important dye of that name ; and those of 

 several species of Galium are imbued with a similar red coloring- 

 matter. 



840. Suboi'd. Cinchoncff (Peruvian-Bark Family). Shrubs, trees, 

 or herbs ; the leaves opposite and furnished with stipules, which are 

 very various in form and appearance. — Ex. Cephalanthus (Button- 



brush), Pinkneya, and an immense number of tropical genera. 

 Very active, and generally febrifugal properties prevail in this large 

 order. It furnishes some of the most valuable known remedial 

 agents, among them Peruvian Bark or Cinchona, and Ipecacuanha. 



?IG 864 Piece of Rubia tinetoria ( the Madder) in flower. 865 The fruit. 866 The two 

 constituent portions of the fruit separating 867 Vertical section of one carpel, showing the 

 curved embryo 8 '8 Section of a flower of Galium 



FIG. 869. Cephalanthus occidentalis, tho Eutton-Bush. 870. A flower, ti'Uen from tha 

 head 87 1 The co-olla laid opea. 



