EXOGENOUS OK DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 



437 



under the name of Jerusalem artichokes; Girasola, the Italian name 

 of Sunflower, having become Anglicized into Jerusalem. True arti- 

 chokes are the fleshy receptacle and imbricated scales of Cynara 

 Scolymus. The flowers of Carthamus tinctorius, often called Saf- 

 fron, yield a yellow dye, much inferior in quality to true Saffron. 

 — The Liguliflonu, or Ciehoraceae, all have a milky juice, which is 

 narcotic, and has been employed as a substitute for opium. The 

 bland young leaves of the garden Lettuce are a common salad. The 



889 8S0 SS7 8S8 



roasted roots of the Wild Succory (Cichorium Intybus) are ex- 



FIG. 888. Head of Liatris squarrosa (discoid ; the flowers all tubular and perfect). 889. 

 The same, with the scales of one side of the imbricated involucre removed ; and alto all the 

 flowers but one, showing the naked flat receptacle 890. Portion of one of the plumose bris- 

 tles of the capillary pappus 891 Head of Ilelenium autumnale (heterogamous) , the rajs 

 neutral, consisting merely of a ligulate corolla 892 The same, with the flowers all removed 

 from the roundish receptacle, except a single disk flower and one or two rays : the refluxed 

 scales of the involucre in a single series. 893. Magnified disk-flower of the same : the corolla 

 exhibiting the peculiar venation of the family ; namely, the veins corresponding to the sinuses, 

 and sending a branch along the margins of the lobes. 894 The same, with the corolla re- 

 moved ; the achenium crowned with the limb of the calyx in the form of a chaffy pappus, of 

 about five scales. 895 A chaff of the pappus more magnified. 896 A tubular corolla of this 

 family laid open, showing the venation ; and also the five syngenesious anthers united in a 

 tube, through which the two-cleft style passes. 897. Head of Dracopis amplexicaulis, with 

 the flowers removed from the elongated spike-like receptacle except a few at the base : a, 

 achenium of one of the disk-flowers magnified, partly enclosed by its bractlet (chaff or 

 palua) ; the pappus obsolete 898 Part of the involucre and alveolate (honej comb-like) re- 

 ceptacle of Onopordon or Cotton-Thistle. 899 A perfect and ligulate flower of the Dandelion, 

 vritll itj hair-like or capillary pappus. 



37* 



