748 



INDEX. 



North Pole, opinions of other scientific authorities 



as to the best way to reach, 374. . 

 North-west passage to India, attempts to discover 



the, 342, 343. 



, M'Clure's discovery of the, 360. 



Company of Canada, formation and trade of 



the, 307. 

 1 , its wars with the Hudson's Bay Company, 



and final amalgamation, 308-310. 

 Northumberland Sound, temperature of. 28. 

 Notothenia, the, of the Antarctic seas, 400. 

 Norway, the lemming of the Dovrefjeld, in, 42. 

 , an absolute monarchy established by Hurold 



Haarfager in, 90. 



, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121. 



, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators 



of it, 121-123. 

 , constitution of, and education of the people, 



121. ' 



, population of, 121. 



, coast scenery of, 123. 



, Drontheim and its industry, 124. 



, birds of the coast of, 124, 125. 



-, the herring and cod fisheries of, 125-128. 



Nova Zembla, investigations of the shores of, 147. 



, circumnavigated by Pachtussow, 147, 148. 



, meteorological observations of Ziwolka, 150. 



, the climate of, 151. 



, Von Baer's scientific journey, 151. 



-, scientific results of his journey, 152, 153. 



- , vegetation of, 153. 



, solitude and silence of, 154. 



, rarity of insects in, I.i4. 



, lemmings and foxes of, 154. 



, birds of, 154. 



, other animals of, 154, 155. 



, wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. 

 Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 



191. 



Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. 

 Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers of, in the Polar 



seas, 59. 



Nullipores on the coast of Greenland. 59. 

 Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the 



Samoiedes, 179. 



O. 



OBDORSK, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, description of the town, 188. 



. the fair at, 189. 



Obi river, importance of, 17. 



barren grounds near the, 22. 



its importance to the Osliaks, 185. 



Castren's journej- to the, 174. 



misery caused by the overflow of the, 175. 



inhabitants of the banks of the, 175. 



Ochota river, the, 246. 



Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks, 

 195. 



, description of the town, 246. 



Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission- 

 ary to Iceland, 93, 94. 



Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. 



Olonez, number of bears killed for their skins every 

 year in, 212. 



Ommaney, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, his discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar- 

 ters, 357. 



Onkilon, or sedentary Tchuktchi, 267. 



, their mode of life, 267. 



Oraefa Jokul, height of, 69. 



, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, 



95. 



Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. 

 Ore. Sfe Grampus. 

 Osborne, Captain Sherurd, his opinion as to the 



method .of reaching the North Pole, 374. 

 Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on the Obi, 175. ' 



, their summer huts and mode of life, 185, 186. 



, tlu-ir'poverty, 186. 



, their winter huts, 186. 



, their attachment to their ancient customs. 



186, 187. 



, their clans, and princes, or chieftains, 187. 



, their excellence as archers, 187. 



, their personal appearance, and customs, 188. 



, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, 



on them, 194. 

 , confirmed by the Czar in the possession of 



their lands', 199. 



Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. 

 Ostrownoje, town and fair of, 263-265. 

 Otter, the sea-, or kalan (Enhydris lutris), value of 



the fur of the, 211,212. 



, description of, 211. 



, chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. 



hunting of the Aleuts, 273. 



Otter, the fish- (Lutra Canudtimis), 317. 



, fur of the, 317. 



Owl, its favorite food, 43. 



, its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. 



Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. 



Oyster, most northerly limit where found, 126. 



P. 



PACHTUSSOW, his circumnavigation of the southern 

 island of Nova Zembla, 148. 



, his second voyage and death, 149, 150. 



Pack-ice, 46. 



, its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. 



Paikoflf, his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201. 



Parrots of Patagonia, 420. 



Parry, Lieut. W. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his 

 Arctic voyages, 344. 



, his second voyage, 348. 



, his third voyage, 349. 



, abandonment of the " Fury," 349. 



, his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, 



350. 



, his subsequent career, 351. 



Parry, Mount, discovery of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. 



, Mountains, discovery of the, 403. 



P sina river, scanty population of the, 220. 



Patagonia, Captain Fitzroy's survey of, 415. 



, the people of, 417, 420. 



, difference of climate between the east and 



west, 417. 



, aridity of the east of, 417, 418. 



, large rivers of, 418. 



, animals of, 418, 419. 



, introduction of the horse, 424. 



, fashions of the Patagonians, 421. 



, their religious ideas, 421. 



, their superstitions and astronomical knowl- 

 edge, 422. 



, their division into tribes, 422. 



, their huts, 422. 



, their trading routes, 423. 



