LIP AND EAR ORNAMENTS OF THE EOTOCUDUS. 753 



future, however, presents also a grand work to be accomplished : 

 the elevation of this specialty to the highest scientific and philan- 

 thropic plane. 



The duty of the State to the insane may, therefore, be summed 

 up in 



1. The separate treatment of the curable and incurable insane 

 under the same medical executive. 



2. True hospital treatment for the curable insane with all the 

 medical skill, nursing, and care, regardless of expense, which the 

 character of the disease demands. 



3. Simple, humane, custodial care of the incurable insane, at a 

 moderate expense. 



THE LIP AND EAR ORNAMENTS OF THE BOTOCUDUS. 



BY JOHN C. BEANNER, PH. D., 



FORMERLY ASSISTANT ON THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF BRAZIL. 



M ^HE Botocudus are a rapidly disappearing tribe of Brazilian 

 -L Indians. They inhabit the country along the upper portion 

 of the Rio Doce, about three hundred miles northeast of Rio de 

 Janeiro, and the region lying along the borders of the States of 

 Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Minas Geraes, especially between the 

 Rio Doce and Rio Pardo, and along the Sierra dos Aymore's. Al- 

 though they are now in contact with civilization and fast yield- 

 ing to and dying out before its gentle influences, it is not many 

 years since they and the various branches of their great family 

 occupied a large portion of southern Brazil, and were justly looked 

 upon as the most ferocious of all the wild tribes of that country. 

 But few travelers have seen anything of them, and these have ob- 

 served only the straggling outskirts as it were of their tribe. Even 

 to this day the latest and best maps of Brazil have written broadly 

 across the vast region referred to, " But little known, and inhab- 

 ited by Indians." In these dense and almost impenetrable forests 

 they spend their lives, seldom or never visiting either the campos 

 of the interior or the coast. 



To judge of the stage of civilization of these Indians it is 

 worth while knowing that they can not count, and that their 

 reckoning is done by using the fingers and toes, and that even 

 this does not go beyond twenty. The children are dirt-eaters, and 

 are sold for slaves, often for the merest trifles. Formerly these 

 people wore no clothing at all ; nowadays they are coming more 

 and more to use it. Their straight, deep black hair, high cheek- 

 bones, flat noses, complexion, and stature are all suggestive of the 

 Mongolian race types. 



It is not my purpose, however, to say much of the Botocudus 



VOL. XLIII. 64 



