FOSSIL MAN. 625 



nounced or exaggerated specimen of a general type existing at 

 that time. 



The facial bones are wanting in all these skulls, but a skull 

 found in the Forbes quarry near Gibraltar, unfortunately of 

 doubtful geological horizon, but with facial bones intact, coin- 

 cides very closely in craniological characters with the Neander- 

 thal skull. These facial bones are rude and massive, the upper 

 jawbone (superior maxillary) being sensibly prognathic, the nasal 

 bones prominent, and the nasal orifices very broad ; the dental 

 arch is of horseshoe-shape, narrowing backward. 



A lower jawbone found by Dupoiit in the cave of Naulette in 

 the valley of the Lesse, Belgium, has been regarded as possibly 

 belonging to a man of the Neanderthal type. This jaw is remark- 

 able for thickness ; the molar teeth increase in size backward, the 

 wisdom tooth being the largest ; there is also an absence of the 

 chin prominence. 



In the year 1886 MM. Fraipont and Lohest, two thoroughly 

 competent scientific men, discovered two skeletons of the Nean- 

 derthal type (a man and a woman) at the mouth of a cave in the 

 commune of Spy, in the Belgian province of Namur.* 



These men of Spy were found in the terrace in front of a lime- 

 stone cave or grotto (as represented on the screen, Fig. 2, by a, 

 section through the deposit) at the point E, after cutting through 

 the formation A, nine feet six inches (2'9 metres) thick, composed 

 of rubble and brown clay, containing calcareous blocks of several 

 cubic metres volume ; B, a yellow argillaceous tufa, two feet seven 

 inches (0'8 metre) thick, containing calcareous blocks and difficult 

 to cut with a pick ; C, about six inches (15 centimetres) thick, of 

 strong red color, containing flint chippings, angular fragments of 

 limestone, charcoal, and debris of mammoth tusks ; D, also about 

 six inches (0*15 metre) thick, a yellow calcareous clay passing into- 

 a tufa of same nature as B, at the base of which is a small vein of 

 wood charcoal ; F, brown clay, sometimes black, containing angu- 

 lar limestone pebbles and flint chippings, under which is t he- 

 limestone in which the cave is formed, K. 



There are no fossils in A, nor at the point where the opening 

 is made were any found in B ; but the bed B was found to be- 

 fossiliferous at other points, containing bones of mammoth and 

 deer, and toward the upper part, in discontinuous layers, flint 

 chippings. The zone C, above the human bones, is a hard breccia, 

 resisting the blow of a hammer, and composed of fragments of 

 mammoth ivory, flint chippings, angular calcareous pebbles, and 

 pieces of wood charcoal. The continuity of this zone C, the fact 



* Rech. ethnograph. sur des ossiments humaines, par Julien Fraipont et Max Lohest. 

 Archives de Biologic, vii, 1886. 



