630 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



superimposed one upon the other, the Cannstadt race occupying 

 the lowest gravels, the Cro-Magnon race the alluvial beds at a 

 depth of ten to thirteen feet, and the Furf ooz race at a depth of 

 five to eight feet. 



The Cro-Magnon skull is similar to the Cannstadt in one par- 

 ticular only they are both dolichocephalic, long-headed the 

 cephalic index of that of the old man of Cro-Magnon being 7376, 

 that of the Engis skull from the Meuse, Belgium, being 70'52 ; so 

 that we have in both races long, narrow skulls, but here the re- 

 semblance ceases. The forehead of the Cro-Magnon skull is well 

 proportioned, rising above brow ridges (superciliary ridges), but 

 slightly marked in some instances, better defined in others, but 

 never excessively prominent and apelike as in the Cannstadt 

 skull. The vault presents fine proportions, tne calculated capa- 

 city being 96*99 cubic inches (1,590 cubic centimetres). This is 

 higher than the mean capacity of existing European skulls. 



The facial bones indicate the type of heads called by Pruner 

 Bey disharmonic that is, a head with a skull elongated from 

 before backward and a face elongated from above downward is 

 harmonic. When there is a disagreement in these proportions it 

 is disharmonic. In this case the face is broad while the head is 

 long. The eyes were small, the nose bold and narrow. The max- 

 illary bones projected outward, so as to produce decided progna- 

 thism ; the chin projects forward ; in stature they were tall, meas- 

 uring from five feet ten to six feet eight inches. All the bones of 

 the skeleton are solid, thick, and indicate a powerful people. 



In the valley of the Vdzere within a distance of seven or eight 

 miles there have been found eight settlements of this race. I will 

 not detain you to enumerate these or describe them separately. 

 Suffice it to say that, while the remains are all undoubtedly of 

 the same race, the associated animal and archaeological remains 

 indicate clearly that they are not of the same age, but rather 

 those of successive periods of development ; thus the eight settle- 

 ments give, as it were, an epitomized history of the race. 



The most ancient, being connected by its fauna with the lower 

 alluvium of Grenelle, the men of this period were probably little 

 superior to the Cannstadt race. In the next settlement, that of 

 Cro-Magnon itself, the arms and implements were more numerous 

 and varied, though lighter and made of flint ; the large animals 

 mammoth, bear, and hyena were still killed for food. In other 

 more recent settlements the cutting of flints was developed to a 

 marvelous perfection ; arrowheads, spear and lance points were 

 made with much care and finish. 



In the most recent settlements when the reindeer predominated 

 the industry underwent a change. Bones and the antlers of rein- 

 deer were fashioned into weapons, while flint appears to have 



