NEW CHAPTERS IN THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE. 157 



stamp out or to stifle evolutionary teaching. Especially was this 

 true for a time in America, and the case of the American College 

 at Beyrout, where nearly all the younger professors were dis- 

 missed for adhering to Darwin's views, is worthy of remembrance. 

 The treatment of Dr. Winchell at the Yanderbilt University in 

 Tennessee showed the same spirit ; one of the truest of men, de- 

 voted to science but of deeply Christian feeling, he was driven 

 forth for views which centered in the Darwinian theory. 



Still more striking was the case of Dr. Woodrow. He had, 

 about 1857, been appointed to a professorship of Natural Science 

 as connected with Revealed Religion, in the Presbyterian Semi- 

 nary at Columbia, South Carolina. He was a devoted Christian 

 man, and his training had led him to accept the Presbyterian 

 standards of faith. With great gifts for scientific study he vis- 

 ited Europe, made a most conscientious examination of the main 

 questions under discussion, and adopted the chief points in the 

 doctrine of evolution by natural selection. A struggle soon be- 

 gan. A movement hostile to him grew more and more deter- 

 mined, and at last, in spite of the efforts made in his behalf by 

 the directors of the seminary and by a large and broad-minded 

 minority in the representative bodies controlling it, an orthodox 

 storm, raised by the delegates from various Presbyterian bodies, 

 drove him from his post. Fortunately, he was received into a 

 professorship at the University of South Carolina, where he has 

 since taught with more power than ever before. 



This testimony to the faith by American provincial Protest- 

 antism was very properly echoed from Spanish provincial Ca- 

 tholicism. In the year 1878 a Spanish colonial man of science, Dr. 

 Chil y Marango, published a work on the Canary Islands. But 

 Dr. Chil had the imprudence to sketch, in his introduction, the 

 modern hypothesis of evolution, and to exhibit some proofs, found 

 in the Canary Islands, of the barbarism of primitive man. The 

 ecclesiastical authorities, under the lead of Bishop Urquinaona y 

 Bidot, at once grappled with this new idea. By a solemn act they 

 declared it "falsa, impia, scandalosa " ; all persons possessing 

 copies of the work were ordered to surrender them at once to the 

 proper ecclesiastics, and the author was placed under the major 

 excommunication, which, in those " fortunate isles/' still means 

 social isolation. 



But all this opposition may be reckoned among the last ex- 

 piring convulsions of the old theologic theory. Even from the 

 new Catholic University at Washington has come an utterance 

 in favor of the new doctrine, and in other universities in the Old 

 World and in the New the doctrine of evolution by natural selec- 

 tion has asserted its right to full and honest corsideration. More 

 than this, it is clearly evident that the stronger men in the 



