SUNSHINE THROUGH THE WOODS. 313 



caused a differentiation in the ranks of producers, forming the 

 elements distinguished as capital and labor, the force of competi- 

 tion upon the producers has tended not only to reduce the profits 

 of capital but the wages of labor. As capitalists have combined 

 to protect their profits from the encroachment of competition, so 

 have laborers combined to protect their wages from the encroach- 

 ment of other laborers, the encroachment of competition acting 

 through the capitalists, and the encroachment of the capitalists 

 direct. And as the action of these labor organizations through- 

 out the industrial field tends to obtain and preserve to the work- 

 ingman a share of the benefit derived from the sale of products in 

 proportion to the value of the part in the production of which 

 his efforts have contributed, they fulfill an important function in 

 the attainment and maintenance of that equitable relation be- 

 tween the consumer and producer which constitutes industrial 

 equilibrium. 



As the argument from every point of view goes to prove that 

 industrial combinations are the products of natural forces minis- 

 tering eventually to the highest good of the individuals of a com- 

 munity, of the community as a whole, and to community and 

 community in domestic and international relationship alike, law- 

 makers should have care that in the effort to rid the tree of poi- 

 sonous growth they do not interfere with the current of the life- 

 giving sap. The object of legal enactment should be the main- 

 tenance of justice between man and man, without hampering 

 beneficent activity that will be driven into proper channels by 

 the same forces that give it existence. 



SUNSHINE THROUGH THE WOODS. 



By BYRON D. HALSTED. 



THE title above might suggest a forest that has been shot 

 through by the light of day, or some delightful dell where 

 the rays of the sun make every spot enchanting. Quite other- 

 wise, the lines to follow deal with the printing of pictures of sec- 

 tions of woods by means of the direct sunlight, and some of the 

 points of structure thus brought to view. 



If any object through which the light passes unequally in its 

 various parts be brought close against a sensitized paper used by 

 photographers in printing pictures from their negatives, it is 

 evident that an impression will be produced. This print will be 

 a negative, or, in other words, the dark parts in the subject will 

 be light and the light parts dark. For example, the section of 

 papaw wood shown in Fig. 1 is a negative, while in Fig. 2 is the 



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