DEATH OF PROFESSOR BILLROTH. 351 



tary hospitals at Mannheim and Weissenburg, and obtained there 

 so close and realizing views of the horrors of war that he was 

 afterward one of the most earnest and persistent advocates of 

 peace. His experience there also bore fruit in an address which 

 he delivered in December, 1891, on the care of the wounded in 

 war, which led to a large appropriation by the Austrian Cham- 

 bers for the provision of adequate means of succor for the 

 wounded ; and great improvements have been made in the trans- 

 port of the wounded and in ambulance service generally. He was 

 the founder of the Rudolphin-Haus, a school for hospital nurses, 

 and projected a model hos- 

 pital in Vienna, made up of 

 separate and isolated dwell- 

 ings. 



Prof. Billroth's literary ac- 

 tivity is pronounced im- 

 mense. He was the author of 

 about one hundred and forty 

 books and papers. Among 

 the more important of them 

 are the Deutsche Chirurgie, 

 which he prepared in connec- 

 tion with Liicke; the Text- 

 Book of General and Special 

 Surgery of Billroth and Von 

 Pitha, published in 1882, to 

 which he contributed the sec- 

 tion on Scrofulosis and Tuberculosis, Injuries and Diseases of the 

 Breast, Instruments and Operations, Frostbites, etc. ; Nursing at 

 Home and in Hospital ; General Surgical Pathology and Thera- 

 peutics, which has been translated into nine languages ; Clinical 

 Surgery, or Reports of Surgical Practice between the Years 1860 

 and 1876, which was translated for the Sydenham Society, London, 

 in 1881 ; Surgical Letters from Mannheim and Weissenburg, re- 

 cording the results of his experiences and observations in military 

 surgery ; and his papers on the management of gunshot wounds 

 and on the transportation of the wounded. 



As an operator, Sir William MacCormac says of him that 

 " his knowledge and boldness were only equaled by his brilliant 

 execution and skill ; and what he did and his reasons for doing 

 it were explained to his overflowing class with a rare talent for 

 exposition." Mr. Clinton Dent, the translator of his Clinical Sur- 

 gery, credits him with uniting the two qualities of ingenuity and 

 boldness in devising operations with the manipulative skill, de- 

 cision, and tact required to carry them out. " Yet it was always 

 the guiding intellect rather than the manual dexterity which 



