SCIENCE AS A MEANS OF HUMAN CULTURE. 677 



training enables him to apply himself in practice with the least 

 difficulty and to the greatest advantage. Those who are trained 

 in this way are always in demand, and their valuable services 

 bring the highest financial returns. 



Finally, I advocate technical education and specialization, 

 because I believe that they are the most perfect means of secur- 

 ing good citizenship ; for when the head and the hand are prop- 

 erly trained, the heart will respond to the noblest dictates of 

 truth and virtue. But in addition to these attainments, I also 

 believe implicitly in the broadest and most scholarly education 

 in all that is useful and good. The specialist, as I have described 

 him, feels the need of broad scholarship for its professional util- 

 ity. In a court of justice an expert frequently calls into use sci- 

 ences that have only a remote bearing upon his profession, as 

 well as to present to the court the breadth of his scholarship and 

 his experience. In one case a chemist may in the examination of 

 an ore be called upon to use his knowledge of mining, metallurgy, 

 mineralogy, and geology ; in the examination of a drug he may 

 be required to have a knowledge of pharmacy, botany, materia 

 medica, and therapeutics ; in another case his examination of a 

 water may call into use a thorough knowledge of physics, pathol- 

 ogy, and sanitation ; while in another case of suspected criminal 

 poisoning, when the life of the accused may rest largely in his 

 hands, he is required to have a profound knowledge of the details 

 of toxicology, jurisprudence, and microscopy. In fine, the sci- 

 ences are so blended that a profound knowledge of one can only 

 be acquired through the instrumentality of all the others, and the 

 expert in the course of his professional experience will be called 

 upon to bring into use all the various departments of useful 

 human knowledge. Education for such professional service is a 

 knowledge of how to use the whole of one's self, to apply the fac- 

 ulties with which one is endowed to all practical purposes. A 

 liberal technical education broadens our views, removes preju- 

 dice, and causes us to welcome the views of others, and we no 

 longer consider our methods the only ones worthy of adoption. 

 It keeps us out of ruts and makes us desirous of being benefited 

 by the experiences and teachings of others. It stimulates great 

 mental activity, and thus leads to skill, investigation, discovery, 

 and improvement. 



IT is proposed by a M. Lotz to apply photography to the testing of bridges. 

 Photographs are taken from a convenient spot, of the bridge unloaded and of the 

 same weighted with the heaviest burdens it is intended to carry. The difference 

 in the appearance of the photographs will show the extent to which the bridge 

 yields or sags under the loads put upon it. 



