POPULAR MISCELLANY. 



materials and of finished products from the 

 mineral resources of the State at the same 

 times. A sketch of the history of the sur- 

 veys in the State has also been prepared 

 by Mr. Smith. They were begun with the 

 appointment of Michael Tuomey as Pro- 

 fessor of Geology in the State University in 

 1847, when he was expected to spend about 

 four months in each year in field observa- 

 tions. The next year he was made State 

 Geologist. An appropriation was first made 

 for the survey in 1854. Prof. Tuomey died 

 in 1857 ; his last reports were edited and 

 brought out by Prof. John W. Mallet, chem- 

 ist to the survey ; and the survey was dis- 

 continued. The second survey, under Prof. 

 Smith, was begun in 1873. A detailed ac- 

 count of its several stages and departments, 

 with the papers published by it, is given in 

 the memoir. The co-operation of the United 

 States survey with the State survey, begun 

 in 1879, is recognized as having been "very 

 distinctly advantageous." " In retrospect 

 one can, however," says Prof. Smith, " eas- 

 ily see how these benefits might have been 

 materially increased by more frequent con- 

 ferences and consequently more thorough mu- 

 tual understandings and adjustments." The 

 survey has cost during the past eleven years 

 $75,847, or an average of about $6,900 a 

 year. For the whole period of twenty-one 

 years during which the survey has been ac- 

 tive, the aggregate cost has been $90,597, 

 an average of $4,314 per annum. Since 

 the organization of the survey, the tax rate 

 of the State has been reduced over fifty per 

 cent, without diminishing the revenues. 

 The increase in the value of property in cer- 

 tain sections of the State that has rendered 

 this possible has been due in the main to 

 the development of the mineral wealth, and 

 to this the survey publications have contrib- 

 uted a certain undetermined share. Some 

 of the regions of the State in which the 

 mining of coal and iron had since assumed 

 vast proportions were untouched when the 

 earlier reports directed attention by maps, 

 analyses, and otherwise, to their great re- 

 sources ; and very recently the survey has 

 demonstrated the existence of profitable 

 areas in the coal measures heretofore un- 

 tried ; has pointed out a source of wealth in 

 the phosphatic marls of certain sections ; 

 has shown that gold may be mined with 



profit at many points ; has demonstrated 

 that clays suitable for the manufacture of 

 fine porcelain ware, fire biick, tiles, and 

 other articles occur in practically limitless 

 quantity in many sections ; and has pointed 

 out the places where good marbles and build- 

 ing stones may be had for the quarrying. 

 All these have as yet not been turned to 

 account. 



Meanings of Japanese Fans. The study 

 of Japanese fans is regarded, in Mrs. Char- 

 lotte M. Salwey's book on the subject, as 

 substantially the study of the history, re- 

 ligion, etiquette, daily manners and customs, 

 peace and war, trade, games, and literature, 

 in fact, of the whole civilization and art of 

 the country. From the sixth century down- 

 ward fans were a part of the national cos- 

 tume. Every fan belonging to every rank 

 had its meaning, and was used in its own 

 particular way according to a strict code of 

 etiquette. The flat fan, or uchiwa, was in- 

 troduced into Japan by the Chinese, and has 

 been made in different shapes and used in 

 many different ways. The cheapest and 

 most usual forms are common objects in the 

 West. One of its most curious varieties is 

 the iron war fan, invented in the eleventh 

 century for the use of military commanders, 

 either for direction and signaling or as a 

 shield for defense. It is made of leather 

 and iron. The water fans are made of bam- 

 boo and thinly lacquered, so that they may 

 be dipped in water to secure extra coolness 

 while fanning. Another kind of uchiwa is 

 the revolving white fan, which whirls around 

 its stick and can be rolled up. Another 

 strong, flat paper fan is used as bellows to 

 blow the charcoal fire in the kitchen. The 

 agi are folding fans ; among them the hi 

 wood fans are the most beautiful. They are 

 painted with flowers and tied with white 

 silk. Anciently they were hung with artifi- 

 cial flowers made of silk. These were the 

 court fans, and different flowers were ap- 

 propriated by different great families, so that 

 a fan answered the purpose of armorial bear- 

 ings. Folding fans also served the purpose 

 of ensigns in war, and an enormous fan, mita 

 agi, giant fan, was carried in processions in 

 honor of the sun goddess. Children and 

 dolls have fans of their own. Dancers and 

 jugglers carry peculiar fans. The tea fan, 



