SAL. 31 



and the forests of the Duns arc either of the river terrace 

 type or of the hill type. Also some of the most important forests 

 in Oudh, e.g., the " damar " forests of Kheri and Bahraich, are 

 most distinctly old river terraces, although Troup classes these 

 forests (and rightly so) under Tarai and Plains. This classifica- 

 tion also does not include one or two special types of xal forest, 

 which although not of very great area, are distinctive and impor- 

 tant and which Troup never had the opportunity to see, e.g., .the 

 landslip type. We may therefore reduce Troup's main types to 

 three, which correspond to wall recognised topographical zones, i.e., 

 I. The Hill Sal; II. The Bhabar Sal; III. The Tarai and 

 Plains Sal, and these main divisions will be sub-divided into 

 several sub-types. 



The distribution and variation of the Hill sal forests bear a I. Hill 

 close relation to the variations in rock types, already discussed. 



(1) Forests of the conglomerates and sand rocks. 



Howard 10 has given a detailed description of this forest type, 

 and another description is given in the Indian Forester. 11 The 

 poor conditions of growth and the broken nature of the ground in 

 this typa of forest preclude the possibility of any intensive or 

 scientific system of management, and this type is usually managed 

 as " Protection forest, with Improvement felling." 



(2) Forests of the Siwalik sandstone. 



The Nahan sandstone formation outcrops over very large areas 

 between the Ganges and the Sarda rivers, and the sub-type of 

 forest which occurs on it comprises the bulk of the hill sal forests 

 of the Western Circle. 



The sandstone is an old Tarai, ridged up by very much earlier 

 earth movements (probably lower pliocene) than those which 

 upheaved the Bhabar deposits. In altitude this type is met from 

 1,000' to 5,000', and presents every conceivable variation of 



10 Working Plan of Ramnagar Division, I 9/6. HOWARD. 

 1 Note on Effect of Geology on Forest Types. Indian Forester. SMVTHIES 



