32 PRACTICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT. 



conditions of soil, moisture, slope, aspect, altitude, and all other 

 factors which influence the conditions of growth of the forest crop. 

 As a corollary, the forest presents an intimate medley of all qualities 

 and types, but speaking generally, the dry and higher ridges and 

 hot steep southern aspects have a poor III and IV quality mi crop, 

 mixed with, xerophytic species such as bakli, while the more fertile 

 andmoister valleys and cooler slopes have good I to fair 

 quality sal crops, with sain and Jialdu, as the principal auxiliary 

 species. Howard 12 and Troup 18 have given detailed descriptions 

 of this type of forests, which need not therefore be elaborated 



further. 



This complex admixture of good and bad quality crops afford 

 the most difficult problem in practical forests management that 

 the sal forests of the United Provinces present, for while the 

 former could be suitably managed under some system of concen- 

 trated regeneration (e.g. shelterwood), the latter is scarcely fit for 

 much more than protection, with improvement fellings, and on 

 the ground it is often difficult to separate the two types. This is 

 a problem that still awaits a satisfaotory solution ; hitherto this 

 sandstone type of hill sal has been managed with improvement 

 fellings, combined with selection feelings of trees over a fixed 

 exploitable girth, annual yields being fixed by area. 



(3) One local and exceptional sub-type of hill saZ forest must 

 be mentioned, which may be called the landslip type. In the 

 neighbourhood of the Sarda gorge there is a remarkable series of 

 enormous landslips, which have come down from time to time 

 some recent, some much older, from the high precipitous hills of 

 Siwalik sandstone, in which the strata is steeply tilted. They 

 afford a perfect example of the succession of forest types described 

 by Troup 11 and in Smythies' note on the Kumaun Bhabar 15 , " 



12 Working Plan of Kamnagar Division, I 916 HOWARD. 



13 Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. I. p. 62. TROUP. 



' Silotculture of Indian Trees. Introduction Vol. 1. TROUP. 



15 Forests of the Kumaun Bhabar. SMYTHIES. 



16 Working Plan of Tarai and Bhabar Estates. CHANNER. 



