52 PRACTICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT. 



influence on the topography of the neighbouring plains can be 

 proved from the historic evidences which are set out in the 

 working plan for this division 23 . 



The first essential in the management of such forests is to 

 preserve the tree canopy, to increase the density of stocking and 

 to encourage tree growth where none at present exists. In the 

 majority of cases it is in the closing of the forests against grazing 

 that the real means of safety lies. 



Forests managed for the purpose of protection perform their 

 functions more effectively the taller and hence the older they are. 

 The yield is, therefore, determined on the physical rotation of the 

 species dealt with and the forests treated under the selection 

 system. The degree of conservatism in the management will 

 depend on the problem to be faced in each case. Under certain 

 circumstances no fellings other than dead and dying trees can be 

 permitted ; in others it may be permissible to remove under selection 

 rules practically the yield of the forests as calculated by Von 

 Mantel's formula ; always it must be remembered that the preser- 

 vation of the canopy is of greater importance than financial 

 results. 



13 Working Plan for the Saharanpur Division. BENSKIN. 



