I. THE CLEAR FELLING SYSTEM. 



complete clearance of the crop with the exception of a few reserved 

 sissco standards. The seed is carried by irrigation water and ; 

 starlings (Pastor rose-us). Clear felling with artificial regeneration 

 is partially used with sal in Grorakhpur. It is the system adopted- 

 with sal in Bengal and parts of Bihar, with teak and other species- 

 in Malabar and Burma and in the Casuarina plantations. A 

 definite area amounting to the area of the working circle divided 

 by the number of years in the rotation is clear felled annually and 

 immediately regenerated artificially with or without field crops. 



i 



This system differs from the former in that natural regenera- 

 tion is aimed at and that the regeneration of the crop extends 

 over a period of years instead of being accomplished in one year as 

 in the first system. This system again has modifications ; instead 

 of a regular seeding felling, regeneration may be obtained in 

 groups or strips, but none of these modifications have yet been 

 adopted as standard methods ; they are all considerably more com- 

 plicated than the ordinary method. Group fellings have been 

 advocated and tried in the case of deodar and the results were very 

 inferior to the ordinary shelterwood felling ; strips are advocated by 

 Hole for sal and this system is being experimented with on a large 

 scale. It is quite evident however that a strip system could only be 

 adopted on the best sites of the province and so far there is nothing 

 to show that better results will be obtained than under a suitable 

 shelterwood. These modifications are all more difficult to carry 

 out than the standard system ; regeneration by groups even with 

 a species suitable to this method of treatment such as silver fir 

 requires very great skill and a long and intimate acquaintance, 

 with the compartment under regeneration ; the fellings are limited 

 at any one time and do not lend themselves to extensive logging 

 operations such as are proposed for the Punjab coniferous forests. 

 The present need in Northern India is for improved methods of. 

 exploitation which involve concentration of the fellings, and so 

 long as the silvicultural requirements of the species are maintained. 



II. The 



shelter- 

 wood 

 system. 



